Using Grounded Theory Methodology and Rich Picture Diagrams in Analysing Value Creation in Houses of Culture Projects in Sweden

The streng thened &038 homo environs Review, record book 3, peculiar(prenominal) furnish 1, 2010 Using Grounded opening Methodology and Rich Picture Diagrams in analysing foster Creation in rest homes of Culture Projects in Sweden Laurell Stenlund, K. Kristina. email&160protected se Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden schema What attractive of entertain does a popular give for cultural activities lay down for knobs, twist professionals and drug users? One shape up to understand the complexity of ongoing unconscious cropes all all over conviction is by identifying shelter-adding activities in build processes.However, value added activities be ambitious to analyse especially when think to resources that have an immaterial character, e. g. noesis, know how and friendly singings. Based on an indepth side take away of stakeholders evaluation of a winding spue, grounded system methodology (GTM) and rich opinion diagrams (RPD) were apply in analysing stakeholder and end-user value. selective information was collected by semi-structured interviews with actors, customary client, communicate manager, fashion designer, contractor, employee and visitors of the structure and during a store with representatives for various stakeholder groups.The leads from the psychoanalysis show that edifice a house of refining creates stakeholders and end-users value that shadower be categorised into human, institutional and favorable detonating device. The strength of trust GTM and RPD is demonstrated in its efficacy to study complex organisational structures and transaction in the midst of dissimilar actors, and particularised as shown in this case, when analysing value creation in a face forecast with many stakeholders with various interests and value. Keywords case study, grounded system method, mind groovy, rich compute diagramsIntroduction Discussions during the last few years (e. g. Egan 1998 Finch 2000 Spen cer and draw 2002 Saxon 2005) have shown that integrating formula and body structure potentially delivers fall apart value for specie as well as better tresss, curiously when attention is paid to the full costs of a construct over its whole lifetime. search on how mental synthesiss deliver better value for m maveny during their lifetime involves complex data analysis of activities and processes. Value-adding activities consist of complex create processes performed over time.A condition for activities to be value-added is that they ar supported by resources that are utilised and essential in a positive way (Laurell Stenlund and Horte, 1999). tally to the resource-based view, the resources that are difficult to imitate and replace create a militant vantage to companies (e. g. Penrose, 1959 Grant, 1991 Hamel and Prahalad, 1994). The characteristics of these resources are limnd as dynamic organisational capabilities (Dosi et al. , 2008). However, value-added activi ties are more(prenominal)(prenominal) difficult to analyse. Resources that are immaterial, e. g. knowledge, know-how and social relations (e. g.Sveiby, 1997 Edvinsson and Malone, 1997) are difficult to 17 The Built &038 gracious surround Review, Volume 3, spare burden 1, 2010 describe and measure. Sutrisna and Barrett (2007) implore that rich picture diagrams are tools suitable for analysing complex structure processes. The aspiration with this paper is to describe how grounded theory method (GTM) and rich picture diagrams (RPD) were used in analysing stakeholder and end-user value when developing and constructing houses of civilization. Empirical evidence is certain from a single in-depth case study where data was collected by interviews, archives, documents and during a shop class.In the next section GTM and RPD methods are discussed in relation to the case study. The results from the analyses are finally presented and concluded. Theories and General Conclusions from Ca se Studies A queryers choice of methodology is not only a matter of strategy. searchers argue that their Weltanschauung (ontology, i. e. our view on how the world is constructed) and opinion of how knowledge is authentic (epistemology) are behind the planned or unplanned choice of methodology and research methods.Management studies involves peoples decisions and activities and are thus influenced by rules and structures strengthened in society as well as in the specific organisation. The patience and the context of the studied processes are therefore important to administer (Chroneer and Laurell-Stenlund, 2006). The specific structure of create industry, mainly project oriented organisations essential find other solutions and concepts for improving performance and efficiency check to Segerstedt and Olofsson (2010).Inter-firm processes in manifestation industry could be identified by the supply durance and ne tworks consisting of different supplying construction companies , e. g. architectural offices and contracting firms, engaged in the early phases of the construction project (Brochner and Kadefors, 2010 Segerstedt and Olofsson, 2010). In the early phases of a construction project, these inter-firm processes may create a creative chaos developing late ideas of buildings and constructions. harmonize to Gray and Hughes (2001), the collaborationism amid individuals is a part of the wider collaboration between firms in the construction domain.Describing and developing a deeper understanding of these networks similarly requires tender research methods. Case studies are commonly accepted in steering studies. Yin (1994) argues that a case study with one or more cases and with different methods for data collection, both quantitative and soft, can be theorised and commandised. A single case study makes it come-at-able to capture different angles and eyeshots in depth based on an inducive research strategy informal for analytical planetaryisat ion and implications from a theoretical perspective rather than equality with other cases (Eisenhardt, 1989).Selection of the Case The case presented in this study is selected by the singularity of the building itself fit in to its special functional design and conditions of cartel different cultural activities in one building involving art professionals with different goals. The hearth of Culture in Lulea was selected cod to the researchers access to data as well as to the interest from the commonplace client and the construction professionals. Previous studies (for example Short et al. 007) have discussed how arts clients require additional commitment from construction professionals. Building a house of culture is in this sense an interesting cultural construction project to study. Qualitative Research Based on GTM Qualitative data analyses with GTM are here employ to describe regularities and sequences (Glaser and Strauss, 1967) for certain building projects in a given perspective creating common knowledge within a specific area. 18 The Built &038 homosexual Environment Review, Volume 3, Special divulge 1, 2010Grounded theory was developed in the 60s by Glaser and Strauss in social medicine (Bryant and Charmaz, 2007). After a couple of years, Glaser and Strauss went in two different directions. Strauss revised the methods where data was interpreted by the researcher (Alvesson and Skoldberg, 2000). Glaser, on the other hand, continued to develop the stainless grounded theory with analytical methods for qualitative data coding with an inductive approach save too including methods for deduction and abduction, i. e. methods for developing and testing theories (Glaser, 1992).Grounded theory refers to the result of using grounded theory method according to Bryant and Charmaz (2007). The results should be traceable book binding to the empirical data and the studied phenomena (Sutrisna and Barrett, 2007). In this paper GTM is applied with an inducti ve approach (Miles and Huberman, 1994). The purpose of using GTM in this study was to investigate what kind of stakeholder value is created when building a house of culture. Stakeholder value is the identify unsettled in this study with the purpose of visualising stakeholders different value in the building process.Data collection and data analysis based GTM Both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods were used in the case study. The total data collection was broad and open based on several methods, i. e. endogenic guidance groups, participatory observations, archive data, documents, semi-structured interviews and a survey (Yin, 1994, p. 80). According to the Swedish principle of free access to general records all archive data from the construction project was available and could be analysed.The analyses presented in this paper are mainly based on 17 semi-structured interviews with actors with different interest in the construction project, building documents and data from a workshop with internal and away stakeholders (Table 1, Appendix). The interviews were recorded and transcribed. After transcription, the interviews were analysed by coding the respondents activities chronologically in building processes. The interviewed respondents were belonging to different stakeholder groups with different character wings in the construction sector as well as in society.Internal stakeholders, active in the construction sector may on the one hand act as clients, financiers and users, on the demand side, and on the other hand act as architects, engineers, contractors and materials suppliers, on the supply side, in the specific construction project (Winch, 2002, p. 67). immaterial stakeholders as well as have a direct interest in the project and can be broken down into private actors (e. g. topical anaesthetic residents) and universal actors (e. g. local government) (ibid. ). In Table 1 the respondents are presented together with their stakeholde r classification and office in the project by their title.Table 1 Data collection the House of Culture Semi-structured interviews, no 17 Internal stakeholder/Public client-municipality municipal commissioner (Cmc080401) Municipal employee (Cme070905) Project manager (Chp080117) Participants, Workshop 20090331 Client Municipal commissioner (Cmc) Client/End-user Municipal Culture Chairman (CEcc) Secondary data feasibleness study A 2002-08-15 19 The Built &038 Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 Project leader (Cpl080220)Client/End-user heathen manager (CEcm) Client/End-user Municipal practiced chairman (CEtc) Client Project manager (Chp) Designer fashion designer (DA) constructor Manager construction community (Com) Constructor Project leader in construction company (Cop) Industry The Swedish Construction Federation, Region northeast (BI) End-user Concert Hall manager (Echm) End-user subterfuge Hall manager (Eam) Feasibility study B May 2003 Internal sta keholder/Municipal and cultural organisations Cultural manager (CEcm070601,080117,080925) Library manager (Elm081006) Concert Hall manager (Echm081005) Art Hall manager (Eam081015) Planning document 2003-12-22Project directive 2003-10-20 External stakeholder/ asseverator Manager construction company (Com071004) Project leader in construction company (Cop080930) Brief for architectural competition 2003-12-22 External stakeholder/Designer Architect (DA081002) End-user Tourist manager (Etm2) End-user 2 Peoples Parks and Community Centres (Eppc) End-user Orchestra member (Epo) External stakeholder/ End-user 2 citizens (Eci) Commercial organisations Tourist manager (Etm081022) subscriber line manager (Ebm081023) End-user/Citizens, habitual and visitors Orchestra member (Epo070905), Public (Eci, 2090330) Reference Group MeetingsThe universe client as well as the construction professionals participated in the process of evaluating the effects of the construction project and the use of the building. They participated in so called reference group sees and reduce group interviews. During the research project quadrupletsome reference group meetings were carried erupt with two representative from the semipublic client one initiating the project and one internal end-user of the building, one representative from the construction company, two representatives from construction industry and one representative from a non-profit cultural organisation together with triplet academic researchers.During these meetings the depression evaluation results were presented and discussed. The relevance of the results was discussed and new questions developed for save investigations. 20 The Built &038 Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 Focus Group Interviews The empirical data was kickoff coded and summarized and then corroborate and discussed by the practitioners. The focus group interviews were conducted more specific regarding a root word where the p articipants were asked a question that was answered individual in the group, by each of the respondents and then discussed within the group.The five focus group interviews were performed in accordance with the reference group meetings and one at another time. Workshop A workshop was performed with respondents representing the stakeholders of the construction project as presented in Table 1. The workshop consisted of two parts. The first was to present the results from the descriptive analysis of the construction project to appliance the results back to construction industry. The second part was to develop a stratum take in of the construction project based on the stakeholders victorful factors describing the achiever of the building.Open coding First Level From the data analysis based on the interviews, a story of the building process emerged. This story was built by the respondents and confirmed by all respondents when summarized in a case study report (Laurell Stenlund, 2010 ). deep down this story different activities were specifically mentioned by different actors due to their significant influence on the performance of the construction projects as well as on the effects of the final building according to the respondents. These activities were confirmed by archive data and pitch in the construction projects documentation.There are different views about how categories emerge from the analysis, e. g. let the data let the cat out of the bag or if the researcher is shaping the categories (Bryant and Charmaz, 2007). In this study, no specific and objective lens theoretical mannequins were ready to pick. They were instead developed during analysis. Coding was in the first step based on a preliminary theoretical framework consisting of different phases of the building process. The activities were then categorised, based on their empirical characteristic, first in relation to the different stages in the construction project, e. . communication during des ign between architect and library manager and secondly in themes due to their organisational belonging, i. e. the content of the activity, for example, communication regarding specific functional solutions within the library between the architect and the library manager strategic instruct during the design phase. The resulted value-adding activities are presented in Table 2 below. Table 2 Value-adding activities in building houses of culture Activities in the briefing process related to strategic briefing The feasibility study 2002 and 2003 a. he rejection of the first proposal consisting of private and public investors in the construction project b. the exploitation of the second proposal of have different cultural activities in one building The semipolitical decisions 2003 a. political symmetricalness on building a new house for the live public library, the public art gallery and a new project hall 21 The Built &038 Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 b. political initiatives of starting the construction project The study of the project directives with requirement regarding a. ost b. time c. responsibilities The development of the strategic brief a. general imaging and goals for the building and building performance b. end-users functional requirements, needs and desires c. qualifying criteria for fighting(a) in the architectural competition d. order-winning criteria for the architect The clients procural decision a. design-bid-build based on a architectural competition b. architect creating a design team with client c. contractors relation to client during construction Open coding Second LevelThe second analysis was based on a preliminary theoretical framework (Values skirt the House of Culture, developed from Boyd and Chinyio, 200680) where the clients requirements were coded to different stakeholder groups, and stakeholders value were coded in relation to project and product (Laurell Stenlund et al. , 2009). Coding into rich picture diagrams and general themes The third categorisation was an analysis of the value-adding activities performed by actors within the construction project as well as by end-users in the final building.Here the general themes developed by Sutrisna and Barrett (2007) were applied when coding the data into the rich picture diagram for further analysis of developed intellectual nifty. This analysis is presented in the following section. Intellectual keen in rich picture diagrams Sutrisna and Barrett (2007) put up that the use of the multiple case study approach was in agreement with the principles of GTM, i. e. that it relies on multiple sources and constant comparison of empirical data for the purpose of theory building.However, when using multiple case studies and GTM, the cross-case analysis can be found overwhelming and difficult to grasp all at once, according to Sutrisna and Barrett (2007). Therefore the rich picture diagram is suggested by Sutrisna and Barrett (2007 ) as an analytical tool in data analysis and here applied when analysing the development of intellectual capital in construction projects. 22 The Built &038 Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 Rich picture diagrams Firstly, the value-adding activities of the flourishing construction project, were used as a basis to develop a rich picture diagram.The activities were coded in accordance with the general themes developed by Sutrisna and Barrett (2007). Secondly, the results from the workshop were included into the rich picture diagram. During the workshop, each stakeholder representative presented their troika most important success factors, written on post-it-notes in four dimensions, namely strategic with immaterial (market) perspective strategic with internal (vision and financing) perspective operational with external (customer) perspective and operational with internal (organisational and cost) perspective.For the purpose of the workshop, the four dimensio ns were related to the general themes developed by Sutrisna and Barrett (2007). The notes were then transformed into the aforesaid(prenominal) rich picture diagram as the story line of the construction project. Intellectual Capital The intellectual capital exemplification consists of identifying financial, human, social, customer and organisational value (Sveiby, 1997). Identifying and visualizing intellectual capital are problematic and discussed for many years. Research with focus on intellectual capital started intensively during the 90s within the field of accounting.The balance Scorecard, developed by Kaplan and Norton (1993), The Intangible Assets Monitor, developed by Sveiby (1997) and The Skandia IC place with the worlds first public intellectual capital yearly report, as a supplement to the financial report (Edvinsson and Malone, 1997), are examples of management models categorising, measuring and valuing companies tangible and intangible resources and assets. Edvinsson and Malone (1997) describe the companys intangible assets as those that have no physical existence but are still of value to the company.Typically, they are long term and cannot accurately be valued until the company is sold. Measurement of intellectual capital is thus difficult. According to Mouritsen (2009), it is not possible for an organisation to copy its intangible properties in a number yet it is necessary because it allows intervention to happen since it develops a exclusively new set of dimensions to manage. quantity size, value and effects of intellectual capital does not yield authorized measures, yet the measures are comforting because they suffice develop the actions that can be made in the name of intellectual capital (Mouritsen, 2009).Analysing Intellectual Capital in Rich Picture Diagrams In the rich picture diagram value-adding activities in the building process together with stakeholders value of the construction project and building in use are pictured in a story line of building a house of culture as presented in enrol 1. In Figure 1, number 1 describes activities creating human capital in the municipality. Here the municipal commissioner played an important, entrepreneurial client role. This is seen as a typical skylark in the case.Human capital was developed in a creative process of finding a new solution to an old demand, the need of a concert hall, and also driving the political process to a building decision of building a house of culture by combining the library, the hall of arts and the concert hall. The decision was a result of a more than 60-year-long discussion in the municipality, where special interest organisations argued for and against a new concert hall in the city. Human capital is measured in the individuals knowledge and experiences creating a capability within the organisation (Sveiby, 1997 Laurell Stenlund, 2004).The development of construction industry, with advanced technol- 23 The Built &038 Human Environmen t Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 ogy put a pressure on actors capabilities to adapt to these new technologies. However, construction industry also relays on actors capabilities to create new ideas, new technologies and new types of buildings, as shown in this case were the public client was using his competence, based on political experience as well as on his skills from construction industry.Figure 1 The story line of a successful construction project visualising created intellectual capital lean 2 in the figure describes the activities related to the development of the brief for architectural competition, based on the vision of the building together with the transformation of the public clients requirements into building programmes, e. g. functional and technical specifications. The public clients role during the development of the building programme was important.Different employees in the clients organisation were involved in the development of the feasibility studies taking political decisions and developing the project directives with requirements regarding cost, time and responsibilities. In the brief for architectural competition, the public client formulated the overall vision and goals for the building and the end-users functional requirements. People from the artistic organisations were partly involved in this strategic briefing process.The process, in the figure illustrated with dotted arrows, illustrates how the clients representatives, foremost the project manager together with the architect, worked together with actors trustworthy for art and library activities. This work should also be seen as a strategic briefing process performed in the project during the design phase. The public clients procurement decisions regarding the architectural competition made it possible for the architect to create a dream-team of consultants working together with designing the building.The bid-to-build procurement decision engaged a contractor, with th e ambition to develop new knowledge within their own construction organisation concerning technical solutions in the building of concert halls. Here the municipality created organisational capital in measures of communication, trust and business relations (Sveiby, 1997) between actors in the local construction industry. The organisational capital belonging to the public client has created new construction projects in the community, even during recession, when normally no construction projects should have stated.Finally number 3 in the figure describes how the public clients decisions had an impact on creating social capital in the community. This is closely related to the clients ambitions to create a building with symbolic value and also to the distinctive feature of having created future beliefs in the city. Social capital is described in terms 24 The Built &038 Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 of change in attitudes, but also in terms of economic value re garding new job opportunities, development of organisational and business activities.End-users participating at the workshop expressed their view of the building in use in terms of social value. They valued the host of cultural activities in the building as well as the building is easy accessibility, aesthetics, comfort, safe with a central location in the city. The social capital developed by building a house of culture in the community is described by the public client as valuable for the cities development in the future, not only because of its cultural activities, but also because of the buildings architecture and location. DiscussionFrom the results of analysing value-added activities and stakeholders value in a story line, the distinctive features for this specific construction project illustrates three key competencies generating human, organisational and social capital firstly the human capital based on the public clients political and construction knowledge and skills in t he pre-phase of the construction project secondly the organisational capital based on the actors competencies of interacting when developing the strategic brief involving internal and external stakeholders goals and visions, during the onstruction project and finally the social capital based on the buildings multifunctional activities, its architectural design and its central location in the city, when building in use. From the results, one could determine certain success factors and key competencies that should be maximized. These success factors and key competencies could in turn be grouped into a number of distinct areas of focus such as financial, human, customer, process, renewal and development. Within each of these areas of focus, one could identify numerous key indicators to measure performance.Previous research studies have shown that companies and organisations have to identify their own relevant key indicators and success factors and relate them to their specific activiti es and resources when making the tools usable in management decisions (Laurell Stenlund, 2004 Anumba et al. , 2005 Roos et al. , 2005). Measuring size, value and effects of intellectual capital does not yield definitive measures, yet the measures are comforting because they help develop the actions that can be made in the name of intellectual capital (Mouritsen, 2009).Conclusions Stakeholder value is the key variable in this study with the purpose of visualising stakeholders different value in the building process. From the results of the study, intellectual capital developed during the construction project has been envisioned in terms of human, organisational and social capital. Houses of culture, public buildings for cultural activities, enable meeting places for citizens as well as they provide places for cultural events and spaces for creativity as well as they contribute to the development of new cultural activities.The outcomes were found useful when implementing the results back to the studied client organisation and the actors in the project team as well as they can be used to better understand the situation, formulating improvement as well as a platform for future research. The strength of combining GTM and RPD is demonstrated in the ability of the methodology in studying complex organisational structures and relations between different actors, and specific as shown in this case, when analysing value creation in a construction project with many stakeholders with different interests and value. 5 The Built &038 Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 References Alvesson, M. and Skoldberg, K. (2000) Reflexive methodology new vistas for qualitative research, capital of the United Kingdom Sage. Anumba, C. J. , Egbu, C. and Carrillo, P. (2005) Knowledge Management in Construction, Oxford Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Boyd, D and Chinyio, E (2006) Understanding the construction client, Oxford Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Bryant, A. and Charmaz, K . (2007) The SAGE handbook of Grounded Theory, capital of the United Kingdom SAGE Publications Ltd. Brochner, J. and Kadefors, A. 2010) Varden och vardekedjor inom samhallsbyggande, forstudie. 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