Design of Gsm Based Power Management

Abstract Monitoring of bureau has been a unheeded neighborhood in developing countries factly, Nigeria. Most of these developing countries withstand evermore been facing the fuss of irregular magnate deliver non because they do non yield the capacity to generate the withdrawd electricity supply but failure to manage or monitor spot ingestion by their restrooms. The lack of strength charge result in the developing of a GSM found indicator perplexity remains. This governance everyows monitoring and direct force play habit by household restrooms.The GSM technology is well deployed in most developed countries due to its features like easy interfacing with appliances via piano tuner frequency, approachability at remote area. In this paper, software and hardware were developed. The software tout ensembleows the substance abuser of the governing body to necessitate for an action from the hardware comp onents. The micro- pictureler is attached with GSM and relays each of which controls its connected authority outlets. GSM primed power management is convenient, more secure, less pricey and user friendly for end user. It is very useful in the area of power management.Keyword GSM, Power, Network, Electricity. Introduction Power management has been an area of neglect more often than not in the developing nations of the world. Most developing countries pass water always been batling with the problem of constant power supply not because they do not have the capacity to generate the required electricity supply but because they have failed in their culture of management. Management has been an issue with developing countries. That is the main contrast between developed countries and developing countries, Nigeria being a developing country, is not whatsoever better.It is also affected with the poor management virus and power is also part of the things marjoly mismanaged in this part of the world. Timo (2002) researches and studies ha ve shown that Nigeria is one of the joyful countries in terms of natural resources but due to poor management culture we have failed as a nation in harnessing them properly, and for the resources we have harnessed we have ref apply to gain a lend control everyplace them. Often times, people consume power without being made answerable for it.Responsibility in this sense goes beyond the payment of bills which is being calculated by estimation which is done by the power regulating body the power holding phoner of Nigeria. In view of this problem, the power holding company of Nigeria which is the power regulating body of the country (Nigeria) tried to curb this power ingestion mismanagement issue by introducing an electronic digitized meter which is pre-paid and it is retrieveed a pre paid meter. With the introduction of pre-paid meter billing organisation to consumers, their power consumption have pitchd and have increased tremendously.The billing system have became usurious so t here(predicate) has been an issue of how to manage power by a household in order to be able to consume a specific amount of power so that bills will be rigorously based on the amount of power consumed. Limitation This programme is yet implemented for a home that does not consume more than 200w of power. It has been intentional to accommodate only four appliances whose sum total of power evaluation must not exceed 200w GSM Technology As mentioned by Timo (2002), GSM is wide deployed and is a growing technology supporting a number of peeled finishings being used for it.GSM is a digital cellular radio system that shut ups on two frequency bandings 900 and 1800MHz. It is a European standard but now has been glob eithery accepted, that digests the cost of manufacturing and increases the market target. Standardizations are still evolving and so far they have had up to two phases 1 and 2. (GSM Technical Specification, 2007) This ontogeny has achieved spicyer(prenominal) co nsummational boundaries to what was expected at the birth of the technology. Some of the excepted features of the system are High audio quality and integrating. High level of certificate preventing fraud and boasting confidentiality. -International and intersystem roaming. -Low cost infrastructure and interpretability with existing infrastructure. GSM Architecture A GSM system as defined could be thought of as a cabal of three subsystems Base station subsystem (BSS), Network subsystem and cognitive operational and victuals subsystem (Vijay, K. G. , and Joseph, E. W. 2009). Base station subsystem is a radio link subsystem and is responsible for management of connection including handovers of calls from coverage area (cell) to cell.BSS is acted by a combination of sprightly place (MS), Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and Base Station ascendence (BSC) several BTSs are connected and controlled by a item-by-item BSC. This single BSC is responsible for handover, radio link control and power control for transmission. The web subsystem is the core of the GSM system. It controls mobility, switching and management of the subscriber. It consist of switching centre (MSC), visitant Location Register (VLR), Home Location Register (HLR),Authentication Centre (AUC), and Equipment individualism Register (EIR).One MSC is communicating with number of BSCs, and then it is used for call apparatus, routing and handover between the two subsystems. Also for billing purposes MSC is in control. (Siegmund, M. R. Matthins, K. W. and Malcolm W. O. 2005). The four selective information bases for control and communicate management are AUC, EIR, HLR, and VLR they operate almost the same way. HLR is a database for mobile sets registered to a particular mobile network. And a MS is registered to only one HLR even if the network has umpteen HLRs. This database is usually unite with the AUC. Together they are responsible for service profile and routine information.AUC verifies authe nticity of the subscriber and provides the HLR with ciphering information for mobile transportation. VLR is usually combined with MSC and called MSC/VLR, provides location information to the servicing MSC. This is a database of all roaming MS in a particular MSC, and database is updated as soon as a mobile set leaves the MSC. The HLR is notified of where the MS is, so that all the calls to that particular MS are re-routed correctly. This does not mean VLR force outnot control call setup by itself, it has all the needed information and it acts like a abject HLR.EIR is a database that stores the identity of each MS. Each MS has a queer identifier called identity mobile equipment identity (IMEI). This database can be used to hold fend for giving service to a stolen set. The operation and sustenance (OMC) subsystem is responsible for maintenance of the entire network and GSM equipment, therefore it needs to be connected to all equipment in the BSC and switching system. Also, conf abulation with these equipment should be guaranteed so that at all times it can monitor and update the entire system.According to English, J. , Fielding, E. , and Howard, N. (2002), the network used to communicate is different from the one subscribers are using usually a fixed signaling network is used such as SS7, GSM network has also an optional part called footling subject matter service pith (SMSC). This was developed after the realization that not only parting communication can be offered through network but also short contentedness and data can be transmitted. Peter, H. A. (2007) defined short message as a message of less than or equal to one hundred fifty characters.The SMSC stores the sent messages until it can find the destination addressed in the message. The menstruation of storing a message is dependent on the service provider. Fig 1 Overview of GSM architecture Asha, M. (2006) Software Basically the response of the micro-controller to the signal or message from the GSM is being controlled through a program write in micro-basic which hardwired on the micro-controller. The user interface which allows the user to select appliance(s) to be cristaled wrap up or ON was designed and coded in visual basic 6 languages.The choice of visual basic was due to its flexibility. This program communicates with the micro-controller by send the option of the user (i. e. to turn on or off) through the one the messages from the monitoring phones to the micro-controller of which in turn effects the necessary action. The program was written in such a manner that the phone might require an administrator, which users personal can turn off appliances on which output he so desires to turn off at a particular flower in time or allows automatically switches off appliances on ports agree to priority.HardwareThis involves arrangement of several components which are integrated together to form a circuitry device that performs a function switching off and on ports w hich serves power to the catching appliances. Working Operation of the Model The following are the components that forge the block diagram of the exemplification Fig. 2. Block Diagram of the Model chuck up the sponge Transformer. Power is fed into the circuit through the mains and is step-down to 12v which is the required potency for the circuit. This is rectified using device and also filtered with the aid of a filtering capacitor.The perfume of this is to convert the AC electric potential from the mains to DC voltage because the micro-controller is powered by a DC source. The micro-controller requires just 5v to power, so the 12v is attempted using resistances (potential divider). electromotive force Transformer This is used in measuring the voltage flowing through the appliance and is rectified using half-wave rectification and also filtered using a capacitor. The excitant impedance from the latitude signal must not be higher than 2km, the buffer amplifier is used to a chieve this purpose. It has unity gain amplifier to ensure input signal is replicated at the output.The buffer amplifier consists of operational amplifier. Current Transformer This provides isolation and also locomote down current. In practice, it is difficult to find a current transformer, so we made the primary side of a voltage transformer to function as the secondary thereby making it work as current transformer. The analogue to digital circuit in the micro-controllers needs analogue voltage and not current, the current flowing is made to pass over a resistor to give a voltage that is proportional to the current flowing. This resistor is called the ring road resistor and should be as low as possible.This voltage metrical is later converted to current through the aid of the code. Micro-Controller The micro-controller used here is the PIC16F877A type. It provides the following in the functions in the model. ? Digitization of both the current and voltage measured and the result ant power ? Multiplication of the measured parameters (current and voltage) to give power the current and voltage measure is fed into the micro-controller where the multiplier circuit plant in it multiplies them to obtain power ? Conversion of binary digitals to BCD. The binary digits approach as output from the multiplier needs to be converted to BCD.The power that is being calculated is sent phone, and the program picks this up and compares it if it is within the snare of the power consumption that is allowed. If it is more than the limit, the administrators can switch off which ever appliance that is of lower priority to him or her. The phone might be put on automatic, which on its own turns off appliance based on its order of priority. Relay Switches When the computer does the comparison, it then sends a take back to the controller which in turn excites the relay that controls the appliance to be controlled, either to be turned gain or ON.Seven Segment viewing The BCD gene rated by the micro controller will be displayed on the sevener segment display which eradicates the need for a seven segment decoder and its driver. Radio Frequency Communication between the phone and the microprocessor is achieved by radio frequency technology used by the GSM. Initial Testing and desktop of the Model The monitoring phone must be configured with the application used and it must support it. The application configured onto the GSM has a disrespect number which will be allowed to communicate with the micro-controller.All the four appliances were set to despatch initially before they were being controlled by the GSM through the following steps. ? Go to the application from the mobile phone. ? Then mobile control menu from the application. ? make out mark or break on the appliance you wish to turn on. Software Implementation The operational implementation of the system is in software, moment its control is software based. The processor is programmed to be in cont inuous polling mode, meaning its operation is not triggered by an interrupt but rather continuously executing the code as long as it is powered.This kind of operation may be costly for non critical kinds of communication but trade good for real time communication. As mentioned earlier that the starting of the system operation is when the GSM reads the message through reading RS232 port at the decided band rate, and convert it to BCD which the micro-controller understands. Hardware Implementation The implementation of hardware begins with the message receive by the GSM phone which later converted to a BCD in form of tone and sent to the micro-controller. Microcontrollers in turn send signals to the relays to witch OFF or ON the particular appliances as the case may be. send Message to the Mobile Station Message could be sent to check the status and control the appliances from any other configured GSM paired with the base phone (i. e. connected with the circuit) Checking of the St atus. To check for the status of the appliances from any distance, the steps to follow are the following Open the contact option from the phone application. Go to the GSM contact to change destination number to defaulted number. Then go to appliance control. Type the pray message using the format *MWM* status request Press sendThe status of the appliances will be automatically sent back to the GSM. Control of the Appliances from the Remote Area. The following steps must be followed when compulsive the appliances ? Open the contact option from the GSM application ? Go to the GSM contact to change destination number to the defaulted number. ? Then go to appliance control. ? Type the request message using the format *MWM* appliance number* action ON (1) or OFF (0) * acknowledgement ? Press send. Performance of the Model The model built was tested by connecting four appliances whose sum total of power consumption was not more than 200w.The system worked perfectly well. Also we se t the range of power consumption to 150w, this indicates that whenever appliances are connected to it and their sum total power consumption is more than 150w, then the user turns off any of the appliances or the system automatically turns it off or on. Conclusion and Recommendations From the design and the implementation of the system presented in this document, it can be concluded that GSM system could solve many of the challenges most developing countries are facing particularly the problem of misuse of power supply.Because of the flexibility and ease of the system design, GSM system could be adapted for any application ranging from control of appliances to monitoring remotely. Also, the high level of security of the GSM network is an advantage for securing data transmission therefore this system should be implemented without fear of eavesdroppers for future this system can solve many technological challenges, for example a company managing director could use his GSM set anywher e in the world and log data to his system allowing him to monitor power consumption in semi-real time to reduce cost.The system could be used in manufacturing industry, for example to monitor the consumption of power used by each equipment used for production thereby useful for cost benefit measurement. There are number of applications that could be developed with the system, and for further security measures, the system could be developed such that it connects to severance cameras, allowing the user to visually see his assets at anytime, anywhere. Also, it would be overnice to develop the system such that it can convert the message into voice so as to accommodate blind users.As mentioned earlier that this system is not complex to assemble, and the fact that the GSM technology is everywhere means it can be sold at an affordable price. References Asha, M. (2006) GSM System Engineering. New York Artech House. Charles, R. K. Morris, M. (2001) Logic And computing machine Design Fundam entals. capital of the United Kingdom Prentice Hall. English, J. Fielding, E. Howard, N (2002) Professional Communication fifth Edition Maidenhead Open University Press.GSM Technical Specification(2007) Digital Cellular Telecommunications System. London Croom Helm. Peter, H. A. (2007) Pic 16C84 Outputting To A Serial Device Baltimore Morgan State University. Siegmund, M. R. , Matthins, K. W. and Malcolm, W. O. (2005) An Introduction to GSM. capital of Massachusetts Arteer Honge. Timo, H. Javier, R. and Juan Meler. (2002) GSM, GPRS and EDGE Performance. New York John Wiley and sons. Vijay, K. G. Joseph, E. W (2009) Principles and Applications of GSM. London Prentice Hall. pic

Frederick Douglass Essay

Frederick Douglass was a linked States emancipationist, journalist, lecturer, who escaped break ones backry and urged other gruesomes to do standardizedwise before and during the American Civil War. As a forceful and eloquent orator and a bring throughr of inspiring prose, he was probably emancipation in the nineteenth century. Frederick Douglass conceived of independence for blacks note merely as the abolition of slavery alone also as their advancement in social and economic status. He saw the black cause as part of a unspecific struggle to advance human rights for all people, and thus was a firm supporter of woman suffrage.The purpose of this paper is to know the life of Frederick Douglass and be aware of his contributions and importance to our history. II. Discussion A. Who is Frederick Douglass? Frederick Augustus Washington bailey was born in February 1817 in Tuckahoe, Maryland. His father was a white man his mother, a black slave named Harriet Bailey. As a young boy, h e worked for a time as a house servant in Baltimore, Maryland. His mistress, a Northerner, taught him a inadequate of reading and writing. Later, he was put to work in the fields and then(prenominal) in the Baltimore shipyards.He was often treated cruelty for his resistance to slavery, and he was determined to be free. I wish myself a beast, a bird, anything kind of than a salve, he said. Poor treatment instilled in him a shame of slavery he failed in an attempt to escape in 1836. exactly two days later, in 1838, he escaped from slavery and colonized in New Bedford, Massachusetts, where he changed his name from Bailey to Douglass. He was largely educated and in 1841, he joined the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society.B. His contributions and importance At an abolitionist meeting of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society in Nantucket, he made his branch public speech and related his slave experiences, and for the next four years, notwithstanding many indignities, he lectured t hroughout the East for antislavery groups. His audience was deeply go by the tall young mans story. From then on Douglass became a leader in the antislavery cause and became one of the abolitionist faecess most effective public speakers.Moreover, his speeches in the following years in the northern states and his works for the secret Railroad did much to notwithstanding the cause of the abolitionists and made his name a symbol of emancipation and action among whites and blacks alike. So impressive were Frederick Douglass oratorical and intellectual abilities that opponents ref employ to believe he had been a slave and alleged that he was an impostor foisted on the public by abolitionist.To answer doubters that he had ever been a slave, he wrote an autobiography in 1845, The Narrative of the look of Frederick Douglass, An American Slavewhich he revised in later years, in final form, it appeared in 1882 nether the title action and Times of Frederick Douglasswhich revealed his m asters identity and endangered Douglass liberty. In the analogous year, the tall, handsome, and articulate Douglass, at the urging of his fighters, went to England to escape the danger of seizure under the fugitive slave laws.His lectures in the British Isles on the slavery indecision in the unite States aroused sympathy for the abolitionists cause and prompted his admirers to raise coin to purchase his freedom. After returning to the United States in 1847, Douglass became the station-master and conductor of the Underground Railroad in Rochester, New York where for 17 years he print and established an antislavery and abolitionist newspaper North Sta rit also support womens rights, a cause that Douglass championed from his participation in the first womens rights convention in 1848which he edited until 1860.Moreover, he gradually skint with William Lloyd Garrisons moral suasionist policy and became a political abolitionist, in the end supporting the Republican Party. In additi on, during these years, Frederick Douglass became friendly with the American abolitionist flush toilet Brown and was given a hint of Browns system of destroying the money value of slave property by training a force of men to help large numbers of slaves escape to freedom in the North via the Underground Railroad. In other words, he used his lecture fees to aid fugitive slaves and headed the Rochester station of the Underground Railroad.He was oblige by a lack of funds to abandon his scheme for an industrial college for Negroes. Despite his opposition to the Harpers Ferry raid, Douglass Fled to Canada because he had raised money for the ventures of his friend and confidant John Brown.When Frederick Douglass learned on the eve of the raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859 that it was Browns aspiration to seize the federal arsenal there, he objected warning Brown that an fervor on the arsenal would be tantamount to an assault on the U. S. regime and would prove disastrous, Douglass withdr ew from further participation. After the raid, fearing reprisals by the government, Frederick Douglass fled to Europe, where he stayed for six months. On his return to the United States, he campaigned for Abraham Lincoln during the presidential for Abraham Lincoln during the presidential election of 1860 and, following the outbreak of the Civil War, helped raise two regiments of black soldiers, fought for enactment of the 13th , 14th, and 15th Amendments of the United States Constitution.He became United States come up for the District of Columbia (1877-81), recorder of deeds for the District of Columbia (1881-86), and United States minister to Haiti (1889-91). He died in Washington, D. C. on February 20, 1895. Furthermore, he was able to write other memoirs, My Bondage and My Freedom (1855) and Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (1881). III. Conclusion In conclusion, Frederick Douglass is truly an important personality in the history of United States because his experiences lea d an eye-opener to those people who abuse and those people who are abused.He fights for equality and freedom of the slaves and thanks to him because if not of his braveness, maybe up to now, slavery continues. He neer withholds himself to speak up in spite of the fact that his life is at stake. Many people, especially those who are in the government, do not like what they hear from Douglass yet he continues to seek liberty for the blacks. He awakens the deep-sleep Blacks that it is nigh time to live freely and enjoy the privileges as citizen of the country.Reference1. Brewton, Vince (2005). vaulting Defiance Took Its Place-Respect and Self- Making in Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. The Mississippi Quarterly, Vol. 58. 2. Connery, William S. (2003). Proud Lion of Baltimore the Life and Legacy of Frederick Douglass. humankind and I, Vol. 18. 3. Horton, Lois E. (2001). Radical Passion Ottilie Assings Reports from America and Letters to Frederick Doug lass. American Studies International, Vol. 39. 4. Scott, Neil (1999). An coalescency between Two Giants Frederick Douglass Turns from Critic to Adviser, Friend of Abraham Lincoln. The Washington Times.

Personalized Medicine Essay

IntroductionIn todays cosmea DNA sequences are frequently and eer improving, modern instruments can psychoanalyze DNA by the millions within a twenty-four hour consummation (Mader, 2010, P.178). Beca give of engineering, these instruments have been made available now and in the future for the use of soulalized medicinal products.This paper provides an overview of how modern ancestral technology whitethorn lead to individualise medical specialty, and to give examples two or more particularized benefits of personalized medical specialty a discussion of its drawbacks and limitations of the approach to human medicine. fresh Genetic engine room and individualised medicateModern technology is constantly growing in our world, for us to understand how modern genetic technology may lead to personalized medicine and the importance personalized medicine. personalized medicine is the tailoring of medical treatment for an individual with the unique characteristics for each(prenomi nal) uncomplaining. This approach is a scientific breakthrough for us to understand how a persons unique molecular and genetic profile makes them liable(predicate) to certain distempers. This same research is increasing our ability to predict and mark which medical treatments exit be safe and effective for each patient (Consumer Health, 2007). The Human Genome project of 2003, enlighten our understanding of the genetic component of disease that go out continue to shape the medicine practices in the near future. comminuted according to the Human Genome Project with all the DNA sequence that will give researchers the tools to explore the genetic variation across the world (Phillips, 2007). Technology has been a growth for advancement and rapidly changing, it has been made possible for the doctors and geneticists to fall out out the kind of diseases in a person DNA and to booster prevent the diseases.The Benefits of Personalized MedicinePersonalized Medicine has numerous benefi ts on an individuals health, for example * Shift the emphasis in medicine from reaction to prevention * Predict susceptibility to disease, improve disease detection, preemptive bid disease progression * Customize disease-prevention strategies* Prescribe more effective drugs and rid of prescribing drugs with predictable side effects * Reduce the time, cost, and failure rate of pharmaceutical clinical trials. (capital of Mississippi Laboratory, 2012). The Societal Impact of Personalized MedicineIn our hostel personalized medicine are questionable, there are legal and respectable questions, some of these questions are as follows * Who should have access to a persons genetic profile? Is it the Employers, the government, Life insurance companies or the control? * How can we protect genetic privacy and prevent genetic inequality in our workplace and in our health care?* How consumers use genetic randomness as a health benefit? (Jackson laboratory, 2012). The Limitations and the dr awbacks of personal medicine The limitations of technology are not yet known about personalized medicine and how to translate genetic information successfully. This poses a significant parapet to achieve the promise of reliable clinical information of personal genomes. additionally the ethical and social issues surrounding the eugenic specter and the risk involving the spite of privacy and other stigmatism such as racism is yet to be addressed, as well as the guide to successful applications of the genetics will be needed for criminal research and medicine (Vernez, 2011).According to city manager Clinic, Personalized medicine also have some drawbacks in which some(prenominal) people today are willing to pay a extravagantly amount of money for a personalized approach to their health, which creates a caper in the genetic discrimination by the insurers and employers because the insurers tend to charge a higher premium to those individuals who is at risk of being perceived of havi ng throw genes that are life threatening. With this approach those individuals would not be able or have the ability to meet their medical demands, there would be moderate access to services among most individuals because of the higher cost for further breeding to this approach (Consumer Health, 2011).ConclusionIn my opinion personalized Medicine is a medical model that involves patients genetics and vital information with benefits that outweighs its drawbacks, personalized medicine allows individuals with a short expectancy span to equal far longer, there the whole idea is that the limitation to the approach may lead to discrimination of an individuals gene.REFERENCESConsumer Health, (2011).Retrieved November 7, 2012 from Mayo Clinic http//www.mayoclinic.com/health/personalized-medicine/CA00078. Mader, S. (2010). SCI cxv Essential of Biology 2009 custom edition (2nd ed.). New York Mc Graw Hill.Personalized Medicine, (2011). Retrieved, November 7, 2012 from http//healthusnews.co m/health-conditions/cancer/personalized-medicine Vernez, S. L. (2011). New York Times Magazine. Making Sense of the Genomic Revolution. American Scientist P. 266.Jackson laboratory (n.d.). Free Research Paper on Personalize Medicine Rabranch40. Free Essays, Research Papers, Book Reports Anti Essays. Retrieved November 4, 2012, fromhttp//www.antiessays.com/free-essays/229557.html

Crash Human Nature Essay

* Hu military charitablesity character is The perpetuallyyday psychological characteristics, shadeings, and behavioural traits of humankind, regarded as shared by all cosmos. * dispel directed by Paul Haggis presents to us an intertwining news report set at bottom the streets of LA, confirming and challenging racial stereotypes and at the uniform time reflecting the ever existing good and Acheronian side of human record.* Human spirit drives us all to view the other as bad, plague and untrustworthy, it is convoluted and every(prenominal) man, despite differences holds the underlying values buried deep into our subconsciousness * In the film crash, Haggis has successfully portrayed the truth about human character by means of the conventions of dialogue, camera barb and symbolism, confusing us as viewers, plainly also giving us an intruging insight into the pragmatism of each and every star of us despite differences in race and background. * Haggis has successfully evoked feelings of uneasiness, confusion, anger and empathy at through and through the making of the film crash.* Human nature drives us to fear the unknown, the other in our eyes is seen as evil and that we should steer away from any communication. It may be in proportion to race, ethnicity, age, gender or beliefs but in reality each one of us does not have the ability to fight this automatic disagreement against those who are different. * Haggis has successfully reflected this dark aspect of human nature through the convention of dialogue. * In one scene a Persian man is attempting to purchase a gun from a white Ameri bunghole.The salesman calls the man osama and past continues to talk about 9/11, he then is aggressively told to devote the shop. * The white American man displays his fear of the other by racially discriminating him through his dialogue, he has his own racist, stereotypical image of this man in his mind automatically relating him to 9/11 and due to his human na ture sees him as the other and as untrustworthy to be in his shop telling him he has no right to buy a gun here * In another scene a Hispanic locksmith is changing a white American couples locks on their door subsequently their car had been hijacked.The American woman makes assumptions that this locksmith is going to sell their key to his homies stringently because of the way he looks and his race and demands to get her locks changed again in the morning. * The American woman views the locksmith as the other and due to her human nature she fears him, and does not trust him to be in her house. Her judgement is not on disposition or individual traits it is based upon the automatic assumptions she makes about him due to his tattoos, decorate sense and skin colour.Little does she know that the Hispanic locksmith was in some(prenominal) eyes the only character in crash seen as in all innocent, but due to her ignorance she believed the opposite. * Through dialogue Haggis has success fully positioned the viewer to feel anger at both of these scenarios and causes us to question our own human nature and our own classification of the other. We are positioned to feel guilt as we feel partly responsible for these racial stereotypes as we too, through our human nature, instinctively stick to our own.* Human nature is complex, values at polar opposites could exsist in the aforesaid(prenominal) man, particular beliefs could be compromised and in reality no one can ever truly understand the expiration of complexities embedded within each person. * Racsim and nobility can exsist in the same man. Haggis has successfully portrayed this idea of human nature through the yarn conventions of camera shot and dialogue. * In one scene a accost pulls over a black couple, he abuses his power and shows extreme racial discrimination seen through the convention of low camera incline turn he molests her.* In another scene the same cop shows nobility while is seen rescuing the sam e black woman he molested, he ironically says things to her much(prenominal) as im not going to hurt you * The camera angle in the first scene is a panning low angle displaying the police officers buy the farm stroking up the womans leg, emphasizing his sickening racist actions. In the minute scene the camera angle is a close camera angle focusing on his remorseful worrying facial expression.The shot of the gift in the first scene could represent a mans hand where the shot of his face in the second scene presents him, and therefore suggests that although his racism and dark side of his human nature exsists the good side of his human nature is a representation of his true identity and we begin to question the reasons do-nothing his actions. * These two scenes In the movie crash display to us that humans are extremely complex.A man can live a life full of sin but then commit a noble act just as a man can be a criminal but then save a life. * The concept of human complexities is h ard to grasp, an individuals identity can determine wherefore they act a certain(prenominal) way or do certain things. The cop in the film displayed racism due to the fact that a black woman would not help his sick father, but does this allay particular values and behaviours? * Through the convention of camera angle Haggis has effectively positioned the viewer to feel both disgust and awe at the same man.We begin to question what drives humans to be so complex and we investigate whether it is ever possible for a man to be seen as only innocent. * Instinctively human natures drives us to protect and stick to our own, just as we repel those who are seen as different. * This universal value embedded in spite of appearance each and every human is represented by Paul Haggis in the film crash through utlising the narrative convention of symbolism. * Crash follows the story of a Hispanic locksmith and unconditional love of his.

Britain of evacuation in World War Two Essay

During the course of homo War Two, many an(prenominal) a(prenominal) people were evacuated, not just children. There were many differing reactions to evacuation. The reaction would depend on the experience you had. Reactions would also change everyplace time during the war and even after the war had finished. One forget me drug of people affected by Evacuation was the Children. Many children did not grapple where they were going and therefore experienced feelings of fear and anger. The children disliked world separate from their parents barely put on brave faces so not perplexity their families.When the children arrived at their destination, they were taken to school halls of town meeting places where the were chosen by their foster families, which they disliked because a lot they were split from their sisters and brothers. If they had negative attitudes, they very often did not settle quickly like those who had positive attitudes and would see their duty tour as a holida y. If an evacuee had a positive experience, they would confirm pleasant memories of being treated as one of the family. Evacuation was descri chicane as no better than a paedophiles charter as it would have been easier to abuse children away from home.However, in a study of 450 ex-evacuees, only 12% of them had bad experiences. Michael Caine remembers being evacuated with his brother Clarence. He said My brother utilise to went the bed when he was nervous. My foster mother could not figure kayoed who it was so she beat both of us, and Clarence became more nervous and wet the bed more. However, not all experiences were bad. On ex-evacuees remembers being given clothes when he was evacuated. A childs reaction to evacuation would depend on their experiences while in care. Another set of people who were affected by evacuation was the childrens parents.Most parents were reluctant to send their children away but agreed because of propaganda. Not all parents sent their children away though. Some parents sight that their children were safe in their family home. However, most parents brought their children home due to the phoney war. provided the children were evacuated again when the Blitz happened, although the scale of evacuation was not as monstrous as the first wave in September 1939. Thanks to the Blitz, many parents changed their opinions on evacuation, now agreeing that it was probably best for their children.

Perception of the CABEIHM Students Essay

Romeo G. Fajardo (2006) stressed that the students success is dependent on their effectiveness, efficiency and concentration on checking and these are affected by the learning materials they use and the delegacy they use it. Hence, the repute of field of battleing is uncommon and non to be squandered, no matter what the students believe regarding this matter. Study habits spell a major role in academic exploit of the students because without this habit, su entrust they cannot fully succeeded on their admit.Students cannot learn solely by being told what to do or by watching others, they have to practice per victimisation frequently. roaring students employ time management system to create employment patterns that mold and use active learning methods to add meaning and interest to their study time and maintaining their motivation by connecting reasons for study to their life goals and values. Learners must break up and established good study habits in doing school work, which can increase their academic performance. If the students can substantially develop a good study skills, this can be considered as their assets as learner.Students can easily ca-ca the mastery and areas of specialization and excellent performances for them to gradually attain achievements through their pursuant(predicate) study habits. High grades are commonly the aim of the students. According to Aguire (2004), it is not enough to simply think about studying exclusively to real do it or apply it. Practicing doesnt make perfect but practice of studying can make students perfect end successful. The value of education of study habits interrelates the value of studying wherein the student can easily save time,make every hour of studying counts, consider when they forget study and accepts the thing and assurance that the students can have. High educational achievement attained by the learners in school is the primary objective of education. It cannot be achieved in a split second or snap of a finger. Many school learners fail in their studies due to their inability to fare with the daily obstacles and demands in schools. Effective study skills are about more than understanding and it must be practiced in order to correct and enable the students to perform in school properly.It is not enough to simply think about studying, it must be performed. Study habits are considered as routinary activity of the students, there is a lot of things that can influence their way of studying for each passing day. Now, the trends in technology can easily catch the students attention. Since students are one of the target of speedy changing technology, there are several web pages known as societal networking site created for them and this became trending because of its several links. As time goes by, the usage of affable networking site became virtual habit of the students.Before, they were devoting their free time in studying now they are spending more time in vic timization companionable network , some uses it to improve their way of studying and others is to fair(a) enjoy the features of it. On the other hand, nowadays studies of the students are getting harder, they rely on social network because they perceive it as a incision in getting access to information easily but regrettably this could affect their studying capabilities, focus and attention unlike before when the social network is not yet existing wherein students rely on handed-down way of studying, specifically the usage of books.The researchers opted to conduct this study because they are raise to determine the do of the usage of social network in their study habits. Background of the study College of Accountancy Business Economics and International hospitality prudence (CABEIHM) offers five courses BS in Accounting Management, BS in Accountancy, BS in Business Administration, BS in Hotel and Restaurant Management and BS in Tourism Management. It has the most numbered stud ents who are also using social network in their study. Considering this, it isinteresting to determine their perception regarding the social networking effects on their study habits. The researchers opted to conduct this study because they pass on be determining if the respondents can clearly indicate their perception on the effects of emerging social networking in their study habits. Setting of the Study The study of the Perception of the CABEIHM Students on the Effect of Social Networking on their Study Habits The respondents will be 200 CABEIHM Students who are selected from 1st 4th year.

Using Grounded Theory Methodology and Rich Picture Diagrams in Analysing Value Creation in Houses of Culture Projects in Sweden

The streng thened &038 homo environs Review, record book 3, peculiar(prenominal) furnish 1, 2010 Using Grounded opening Methodology and Rich Picture Diagrams in analysing foster Creation in rest homes of Culture Projects in Sweden Laurell Stenlund, K. Kristina. email&160protected se Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden schema What attractive of entertain does a popular give for cultural activities lay down for knobs, twist professionals and drug users? One shape up to understand the complexity of ongoing unconscious cropes all all over conviction is by identifying shelter-adding activities in build processes.However, value added activities be ambitious to analyse especially when think to resources that have an immaterial character, e. g. noesis, know how and friendly singings. Based on an indepth side take away of stakeholders evaluation of a winding spue, grounded system methodology (GTM) and rich opinion diagrams (RPD) were apply in analysing stakeholder and end-user value. selective information was collected by semi-structured interviews with actors, customary client, communicate manager, fashion designer, contractor, employee and visitors of the structure and during a store with representatives for various stakeholder groups.The leads from the psychoanalysis show that edifice a house of refining creates stakeholders and end-users value that shadower be categorised into human, institutional and favorable detonating device. The strength of trust GTM and RPD is demonstrated in its efficacy to study complex organisational structures and transaction in the midst of dissimilar actors, and particularised as shown in this case, when analysing value creation in a face forecast with many stakeholders with various interests and value. Keywords case study, grounded system method, mind groovy, rich compute diagramsIntroduction Discussions during the last few years (e. g. Egan 1998 Finch 2000 Spen cer and draw 2002 Saxon 2005) have shown that integrating formula and body structure potentially delivers fall apart value for specie as well as better tresss, curiously when attention is paid to the full costs of a construct over its whole lifetime. search on how mental synthesiss deliver better value for m maveny during their lifetime involves complex data analysis of activities and processes. Value-adding activities consist of complex create processes performed over time.A condition for activities to be value-added is that they ar supported by resources that are utilised and essential in a positive way (Laurell Stenlund and Horte, 1999). tally to the resource-based view, the resources that are difficult to imitate and replace create a militant vantage to companies (e. g. Penrose, 1959 Grant, 1991 Hamel and Prahalad, 1994). The characteristics of these resources are limnd as dynamic organisational capabilities (Dosi et al. , 2008). However, value-added activi ties are more(prenominal)(prenominal) difficult to analyse. Resources that are immaterial, e. g. knowledge, know-how and social relations (e. g.Sveiby, 1997 Edvinsson and Malone, 1997) are difficult to 17 The Built &038 gracious surround Review, Volume 3, spare burden 1, 2010 describe and measure. Sutrisna and Barrett (2007) implore that rich picture diagrams are tools suitable for analysing complex structure processes. The aspiration with this paper is to describe how grounded theory method (GTM) and rich picture diagrams (RPD) were used in analysing stakeholder and end-user value when developing and constructing houses of civilization. Empirical evidence is certain from a single in-depth case study where data was collected by interviews, archives, documents and during a shop class.In the next section GTM and RPD methods are discussed in relation to the case study. The results from the analyses are finally presented and concluded. Theories and General Conclusions from Ca se Studies A queryers choice of methodology is not only a matter of strategy. searchers argue that their Weltanschauung (ontology, i. e. our view on how the world is constructed) and opinion of how knowledge is authentic (epistemology) are behind the planned or unplanned choice of methodology and research methods.Management studies involves peoples decisions and activities and are thus influenced by rules and structures strengthened in society as well as in the specific organisation. The patience and the context of the studied processes are therefore important to administer (Chroneer and Laurell-Stenlund, 2006). The specific structure of create industry, mainly project oriented organisations essential find other solutions and concepts for improving performance and efficiency check to Segerstedt and Olofsson (2010).Inter-firm processes in manifestation industry could be identified by the supply durance and ne tworks consisting of different supplying construction companies , e. g. architectural offices and contracting firms, engaged in the early phases of the construction project (Brochner and Kadefors, 2010 Segerstedt and Olofsson, 2010). In the early phases of a construction project, these inter-firm processes may create a creative chaos developing late ideas of buildings and constructions. harmonize to Gray and Hughes (2001), the collaborationism amid individuals is a part of the wider collaboration between firms in the construction domain.Describing and developing a deeper understanding of these networks similarly requires tender research methods. Case studies are commonly accepted in steering studies. Yin (1994) argues that a case study with one or more cases and with different methods for data collection, both quantitative and soft, can be theorised and commandised. A single case study makes it come-at-able to capture different angles and eyeshots in depth based on an inducive research strategy informal for analytical planetaryisat ion and implications from a theoretical perspective rather than equality with other cases (Eisenhardt, 1989).Selection of the Case The case presented in this study is selected by the singularity of the building itself fit in to its special functional design and conditions of cartel different cultural activities in one building involving art professionals with different goals. The hearth of Culture in Lulea was selected cod to the researchers access to data as well as to the interest from the commonplace client and the construction professionals. Previous studies (for example Short et al. 007) have discussed how arts clients require additional commitment from construction professionals. Building a house of culture is in this sense an interesting cultural construction project to study. Qualitative Research Based on GTM Qualitative data analyses with GTM are here employ to describe regularities and sequences (Glaser and Strauss, 1967) for certain building projects in a given perspective creating common knowledge within a specific area. 18 The Built &038 homosexual Environment Review, Volume 3, Special divulge 1, 2010Grounded theory was developed in the 60s by Glaser and Strauss in social medicine (Bryant and Charmaz, 2007). After a couple of years, Glaser and Strauss went in two different directions. Strauss revised the methods where data was interpreted by the researcher (Alvesson and Skoldberg, 2000). Glaser, on the other hand, continued to develop the stainless grounded theory with analytical methods for qualitative data coding with an inductive approach save too including methods for deduction and abduction, i. e. methods for developing and testing theories (Glaser, 1992).Grounded theory refers to the result of using grounded theory method according to Bryant and Charmaz (2007). The results should be traceable book binding to the empirical data and the studied phenomena (Sutrisna and Barrett, 2007). In this paper GTM is applied with an inducti ve approach (Miles and Huberman, 1994). The purpose of using GTM in this study was to investigate what kind of stakeholder value is created when building a house of culture. Stakeholder value is the identify unsettled in this study with the purpose of visualising stakeholders different value in the building process.Data collection and data analysis based GTM Both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods were used in the case study. The total data collection was broad and open based on several methods, i. e. endogenic guidance groups, participatory observations, archive data, documents, semi-structured interviews and a survey (Yin, 1994, p. 80). According to the Swedish principle of free access to general records all archive data from the construction project was available and could be analysed.The analyses presented in this paper are mainly based on 17 semi-structured interviews with actors with different interest in the construction project, building documents and data from a workshop with internal and away stakeholders (Table 1, Appendix). The interviews were recorded and transcribed. After transcription, the interviews were analysed by coding the respondents activities chronologically in building processes. The interviewed respondents were belonging to different stakeholder groups with different character wings in the construction sector as well as in society.Internal stakeholders, active in the construction sector may on the one hand act as clients, financiers and users, on the demand side, and on the other hand act as architects, engineers, contractors and materials suppliers, on the supply side, in the specific construction project (Winch, 2002, p. 67). immaterial stakeholders as well as have a direct interest in the project and can be broken down into private actors (e. g. topical anaesthetic residents) and universal actors (e. g. local government) (ibid. ). In Table 1 the respondents are presented together with their stakeholde r classification and office in the project by their title.Table 1 Data collection the House of Culture Semi-structured interviews, no 17 Internal stakeholder/Public client-municipality municipal commissioner (Cmc080401) Municipal employee (Cme070905) Project manager (Chp080117) Participants, Workshop 20090331 Client Municipal commissioner (Cmc) Client/End-user Municipal Culture Chairman (CEcc) Secondary data feasibleness study A 2002-08-15 19 The Built &038 Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 Project leader (Cpl080220)Client/End-user heathen manager (CEcm) Client/End-user Municipal practiced chairman (CEtc) Client Project manager (Chp) Designer fashion designer (DA) constructor Manager construction community (Com) Constructor Project leader in construction company (Cop) Industry The Swedish Construction Federation, Region northeast (BI) End-user Concert Hall manager (Echm) End-user subterfuge Hall manager (Eam) Feasibility study B May 2003 Internal sta keholder/Municipal and cultural organisations Cultural manager (CEcm070601,080117,080925) Library manager (Elm081006) Concert Hall manager (Echm081005) Art Hall manager (Eam081015) Planning document 2003-12-22Project directive 2003-10-20 External stakeholder/ asseverator Manager construction company (Com071004) Project leader in construction company (Cop080930) Brief for architectural competition 2003-12-22 External stakeholder/Designer Architect (DA081002) End-user Tourist manager (Etm2) End-user 2 Peoples Parks and Community Centres (Eppc) End-user Orchestra member (Epo) External stakeholder/ End-user 2 citizens (Eci) Commercial organisations Tourist manager (Etm081022) subscriber line manager (Ebm081023) End-user/Citizens, habitual and visitors Orchestra member (Epo070905), Public (Eci, 2090330) Reference Group MeetingsThe universe client as well as the construction professionals participated in the process of evaluating the effects of the construction project and the use of the building. They participated in so called reference group sees and reduce group interviews. During the research project quadrupletsome reference group meetings were carried erupt with two representative from the semipublic client one initiating the project and one internal end-user of the building, one representative from the construction company, two representatives from construction industry and one representative from a non-profit cultural organisation together with triplet academic researchers.During these meetings the depression evaluation results were presented and discussed. The relevance of the results was discussed and new questions developed for save investigations. 20 The Built &038 Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 Focus Group Interviews The empirical data was kickoff coded and summarized and then corroborate and discussed by the practitioners. The focus group interviews were conducted more specific regarding a root word where the p articipants were asked a question that was answered individual in the group, by each of the respondents and then discussed within the group.The five focus group interviews were performed in accordance with the reference group meetings and one at another time. Workshop A workshop was performed with respondents representing the stakeholders of the construction project as presented in Table 1. The workshop consisted of two parts. The first was to present the results from the descriptive analysis of the construction project to appliance the results back to construction industry. The second part was to develop a stratum take in of the construction project based on the stakeholders victorful factors describing the achiever of the building.Open coding First Level From the data analysis based on the interviews, a story of the building process emerged. This story was built by the respondents and confirmed by all respondents when summarized in a case study report (Laurell Stenlund, 2010 ). deep down this story different activities were specifically mentioned by different actors due to their significant influence on the performance of the construction projects as well as on the effects of the final building according to the respondents. These activities were confirmed by archive data and pitch in the construction projects documentation.There are different views about how categories emerge from the analysis, e. g. let the data let the cat out of the bag or if the researcher is shaping the categories (Bryant and Charmaz, 2007). In this study, no specific and objective lens theoretical mannequins were ready to pick. They were instead developed during analysis. Coding was in the first step based on a preliminary theoretical framework consisting of different phases of the building process. The activities were then categorised, based on their empirical characteristic, first in relation to the different stages in the construction project, e. . communication during des ign between architect and library manager and secondly in themes due to their organisational belonging, i. e. the content of the activity, for example, communication regarding specific functional solutions within the library between the architect and the library manager strategic instruct during the design phase. The resulted value-adding activities are presented in Table 2 below. Table 2 Value-adding activities in building houses of culture Activities in the briefing process related to strategic briefing The feasibility study 2002 and 2003 a. he rejection of the first proposal consisting of private and public investors in the construction project b. the exploitation of the second proposal of have different cultural activities in one building The semipolitical decisions 2003 a. political symmetricalness on building a new house for the live public library, the public art gallery and a new project hall 21 The Built &038 Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 b. political initiatives of starting the construction project The study of the project directives with requirement regarding a. ost b. time c. responsibilities The development of the strategic brief a. general imaging and goals for the building and building performance b. end-users functional requirements, needs and desires c. qualifying criteria for fighting(a) in the architectural competition d. order-winning criteria for the architect The clients procural decision a. design-bid-build based on a architectural competition b. architect creating a design team with client c. contractors relation to client during construction Open coding Second LevelThe second analysis was based on a preliminary theoretical framework (Values skirt the House of Culture, developed from Boyd and Chinyio, 200680) where the clients requirements were coded to different stakeholder groups, and stakeholders value were coded in relation to project and product (Laurell Stenlund et al. , 2009). Coding into rich picture diagrams and general themes The third categorisation was an analysis of the value-adding activities performed by actors within the construction project as well as by end-users in the final building.Here the general themes developed by Sutrisna and Barrett (2007) were applied when coding the data into the rich picture diagram for further analysis of developed intellectual nifty. This analysis is presented in the following section. Intellectual keen in rich picture diagrams Sutrisna and Barrett (2007) put up that the use of the multiple case study approach was in agreement with the principles of GTM, i. e. that it relies on multiple sources and constant comparison of empirical data for the purpose of theory building.However, when using multiple case studies and GTM, the cross-case analysis can be found overwhelming and difficult to grasp all at once, according to Sutrisna and Barrett (2007). Therefore the rich picture diagram is suggested by Sutrisna and Barrett (2007 ) as an analytical tool in data analysis and here applied when analysing the development of intellectual capital in construction projects. 22 The Built &038 Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 Rich picture diagrams Firstly, the value-adding activities of the flourishing construction project, were used as a basis to develop a rich picture diagram.The activities were coded in accordance with the general themes developed by Sutrisna and Barrett (2007). Secondly, the results from the workshop were included into the rich picture diagram. During the workshop, each stakeholder representative presented their troika most important success factors, written on post-it-notes in four dimensions, namely strategic with immaterial (market) perspective strategic with internal (vision and financing) perspective operational with external (customer) perspective and operational with internal (organisational and cost) perspective.For the purpose of the workshop, the four dimensio ns were related to the general themes developed by Sutrisna and Barrett (2007). The notes were then transformed into the aforesaid(prenominal) rich picture diagram as the story line of the construction project. Intellectual Capital The intellectual capital exemplification consists of identifying financial, human, social, customer and organisational value (Sveiby, 1997). Identifying and visualizing intellectual capital are problematic and discussed for many years. Research with focus on intellectual capital started intensively during the 90s within the field of accounting.The balance Scorecard, developed by Kaplan and Norton (1993), The Intangible Assets Monitor, developed by Sveiby (1997) and The Skandia IC place with the worlds first public intellectual capital yearly report, as a supplement to the financial report (Edvinsson and Malone, 1997), are examples of management models categorising, measuring and valuing companies tangible and intangible resources and assets. Edvinsson and Malone (1997) describe the companys intangible assets as those that have no physical existence but are still of value to the company.Typically, they are long term and cannot accurately be valued until the company is sold. Measurement of intellectual capital is thus difficult. According to Mouritsen (2009), it is not possible for an organisation to copy its intangible properties in a number yet it is necessary because it allows intervention to happen since it develops a exclusively new set of dimensions to manage. quantity size, value and effects of intellectual capital does not yield authorized measures, yet the measures are comforting because they suffice develop the actions that can be made in the name of intellectual capital (Mouritsen, 2009).Analysing Intellectual Capital in Rich Picture Diagrams In the rich picture diagram value-adding activities in the building process together with stakeholders value of the construction project and building in use are pictured in a story line of building a house of culture as presented in enrol 1. In Figure 1, number 1 describes activities creating human capital in the municipality. Here the municipal commissioner played an important, entrepreneurial client role. This is seen as a typical skylark in the case.Human capital was developed in a creative process of finding a new solution to an old demand, the need of a concert hall, and also driving the political process to a building decision of building a house of culture by combining the library, the hall of arts and the concert hall. The decision was a result of a more than 60-year-long discussion in the municipality, where special interest organisations argued for and against a new concert hall in the city. Human capital is measured in the individuals knowledge and experiences creating a capability within the organisation (Sveiby, 1997 Laurell Stenlund, 2004).The development of construction industry, with advanced technol- 23 The Built &038 Human Environmen t Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 ogy put a pressure on actors capabilities to adapt to these new technologies. However, construction industry also relays on actors capabilities to create new ideas, new technologies and new types of buildings, as shown in this case were the public client was using his competence, based on political experience as well as on his skills from construction industry.Figure 1 The story line of a successful construction project visualising created intellectual capital lean 2 in the figure describes the activities related to the development of the brief for architectural competition, based on the vision of the building together with the transformation of the public clients requirements into building programmes, e. g. functional and technical specifications. The public clients role during the development of the building programme was important.Different employees in the clients organisation were involved in the development of the feasibility studies taking political decisions and developing the project directives with requirements regarding cost, time and responsibilities. In the brief for architectural competition, the public client formulated the overall vision and goals for the building and the end-users functional requirements. People from the artistic organisations were partly involved in this strategic briefing process.The process, in the figure illustrated with dotted arrows, illustrates how the clients representatives, foremost the project manager together with the architect, worked together with actors trustworthy for art and library activities. This work should also be seen as a strategic briefing process performed in the project during the design phase. The public clients procurement decisions regarding the architectural competition made it possible for the architect to create a dream-team of consultants working together with designing the building.The bid-to-build procurement decision engaged a contractor, with th e ambition to develop new knowledge within their own construction organisation concerning technical solutions in the building of concert halls. Here the municipality created organisational capital in measures of communication, trust and business relations (Sveiby, 1997) between actors in the local construction industry. The organisational capital belonging to the public client has created new construction projects in the community, even during recession, when normally no construction projects should have stated.Finally number 3 in the figure describes how the public clients decisions had an impact on creating social capital in the community. This is closely related to the clients ambitions to create a building with symbolic value and also to the distinctive feature of having created future beliefs in the city. Social capital is described in terms 24 The Built &038 Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 of change in attitudes, but also in terms of economic value re garding new job opportunities, development of organisational and business activities.End-users participating at the workshop expressed their view of the building in use in terms of social value. They valued the host of cultural activities in the building as well as the building is easy accessibility, aesthetics, comfort, safe with a central location in the city. The social capital developed by building a house of culture in the community is described by the public client as valuable for the cities development in the future, not only because of its cultural activities, but also because of the buildings architecture and location. DiscussionFrom the results of analysing value-added activities and stakeholders value in a story line, the distinctive features for this specific construction project illustrates three key competencies generating human, organisational and social capital firstly the human capital based on the public clients political and construction knowledge and skills in t he pre-phase of the construction project secondly the organisational capital based on the actors competencies of interacting when developing the strategic brief involving internal and external stakeholders goals and visions, during the onstruction project and finally the social capital based on the buildings multifunctional activities, its architectural design and its central location in the city, when building in use. From the results, one could determine certain success factors and key competencies that should be maximized. These success factors and key competencies could in turn be grouped into a number of distinct areas of focus such as financial, human, customer, process, renewal and development. Within each of these areas of focus, one could identify numerous key indicators to measure performance.Previous research studies have shown that companies and organisations have to identify their own relevant key indicators and success factors and relate them to their specific activiti es and resources when making the tools usable in management decisions (Laurell Stenlund, 2004 Anumba et al. , 2005 Roos et al. , 2005). Measuring size, value and effects of intellectual capital does not yield definitive measures, yet the measures are comforting because they help develop the actions that can be made in the name of intellectual capital (Mouritsen, 2009).Conclusions Stakeholder value is the key variable in this study with the purpose of visualising stakeholders different value in the building process. From the results of the study, intellectual capital developed during the construction project has been envisioned in terms of human, organisational and social capital. Houses of culture, public buildings for cultural activities, enable meeting places for citizens as well as they provide places for cultural events and spaces for creativity as well as they contribute to the development of new cultural activities.The outcomes were found useful when implementing the results back to the studied client organisation and the actors in the project team as well as they can be used to better understand the situation, formulating improvement as well as a platform for future research. The strength of combining GTM and RPD is demonstrated in the ability of the methodology in studying complex organisational structures and relations between different actors, and specific as shown in this case, when analysing value creation in a construction project with many stakeholders with different interests and value. 5 The Built &038 Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 References Alvesson, M. and Skoldberg, K. (2000) Reflexive methodology new vistas for qualitative research, capital of the United Kingdom Sage. Anumba, C. J. , Egbu, C. and Carrillo, P. (2005) Knowledge Management in Construction, Oxford Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Boyd, D and Chinyio, E (2006) Understanding the construction client, Oxford Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Bryant, A. and Charmaz, K . (2007) The SAGE handbook of Grounded Theory, capital of the United Kingdom SAGE Publications Ltd. Brochner, J. and Kadefors, A. 2010) Varden och vardekedjor inom samhallsbyggande, forstudie. Values and value chains in building societies, prestudy, Stockholm KK-stiftelsen. Chroneer, D. and Laurell-Stenlund, K. (2006) Determinants of an effectual product development process Towards a conceptual framework for process industry. International journal of innovation management, 10(3), 237-269. Dosi, G. , Faillo, M. and Marengo, L. (2008) Organisational Capabilities, Patterns of Knowledge Accumulation and Governance Structures in Business Firms An Introduction. Organization Studies, 29(08&03809), 11651185. Edvinsson, L. and Malone, M.S. (1997) Intellectual Capital, The proven way to establish your companys real value by measuring its hidden brainpower, London Harper. Egan, J. (1998) Rethinking Construction, Report of the Construction Task Force to the Deputy Prime Minister, backside Pre scott, on the Scope for Improving the Quality and Efficiency of UK Construction. Department of craftiness and Industry, HMSO, London. Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989) Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532-550. Finch, P. (2000) Better public building, a proud legacy for the future, The Better Public Buildings Group.Department for culture, media and sport, London. Glaser, B. G. (1992) Basics of Grounded Theory Research. Sociology Press, Mill Valley, CA. Glaser, B. G. and Strauss, A. L. (1967) The Discovery of Grounded Theory. Aldine, Chicago. Grant, R. M. (1991) The resource based theory of competitive advantage Implications for strategy formulation. California Management Review, 33(3), 114-135. Gray, C. and Hughes, W. (2001) Building Design Management, Oxford Elsevier Ltd. Hamel, G. and Prahalad C. K. (1994) Competing for the Future. Boston, Massachusetts Harvard Business School Press. Kaplan, R. S. and Norton, D.P. (1993) Putting the Balanced Scorecard on work, Harvard Business Review, (SepOct), 134-147. Laurell-Stenlund, K. (2004) triplet perspectives on measuring and valuing losses of key competence. (Licentiate thesis in Swedish), Lulea Lulea University of Technology. Laurell Stenlund, K. (2010) Effekter av byggandet av Kulturens hus i Lulea, The Matter of Culture, Research Report, Lulea Lulea University of Technology. Laurell Stenlund, K and Horte, S-A. (1999) Competence accounting methods for measuring and valuing keycompetencies. Managing Operations Networks, EurOMA Conference, Venice, Italy, June 7-8. 26The Built &038 Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 Laurell Stenlund, K. , Ryd, N. and Vennstrom, A. (2009) Clients decisions in strategic briefs and their impact on user values. Proceedings 25th Annual ARCOM Conference. Nottingham Association of Researchers in Construction Management, 361-370. Miles, M. B. and Huberman, A. M. (1994) An spread out Sourcebook, Qualitative Data Analysis (2nd e d. ), California and London Sage Publications. Inc. Mouritsen, J. (2009) Classification, measuring and the ontology of intellectual capital entities. Journal of Human Resource Costing &038 Accounting, 13(2), 154-162. Penrose, E. 1959/1995) The theory of the growth of the firm. Oxford Oxford University Press. Roos, G. , Pike, S. and Fernstrom, L. (2005) Managing Intellectual Capital in Practice, Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier Ltd, Oxford. Saxon, R. (2005) Be Valuable A Guide to Creating value in the Built Environment Construction Excellence, London. Segerstedt, A. and Olofsson, T. (2010) affix chains in the construction industry. Supply Chain Management, 15(5), 347-353. Short, C. A. , Barrett, P. , Dye, A. and Sutrisna, M. (2007) Impacts of value technology on five Capital Arts projects. Building Research and Information, 35(3), 287-315. Spencer, N. nd Winch, G. (2002) How buildings Add Value for Clients, Construction Industry Council, London. Sutrisna, M. and Barrett, P. (2007). Applying rich picture diagrams to model case studies of construction projects. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 14(2), 164-179. Sveiby, K. E. (1997) The Intangible Assets Monitor. Journal of Human Resource costing and accounting, 2(1), 73-97. Winch. M. G. (2002) Managing Construction Projects, UK Blackwell Science Ltd. Yin, R. K. (1994) Case Study Research Design and Methods, Newbury Press, California Sage. 27 The Built &038 Human Environment Review, Volume 3, Special Issue 1, 2010 28

Business Environment in India Essay

1. How have businesses in India positive differently from their westerly predict parts?India, from 1947 to 1991 followed the socialist system of industrial development, wherein the major industries were program lineled by the state. The western countries have followed a policy of free market and capitalist economy during the akin time period. The Indian economy was restricted by the License countenance Quota Raj, due to which the opportunities of developing sweet businesses were minimal. This policy insulated the Indian economy from the outdoor(a) world , and led to monopolies in the public sector which were inefficient, similar to the U.S.S.R. house liberalisation, with removal of these restrictions, the businesses in India, free from the shackles of the permit system have enceinte as a fast pace with improving efficiencies. However some(prenominal) businesses, which could not cope with the competition, fell by the wayside.The western economies have in the capitalistic environment, graduated from family range businesses to control by institutional investors to control by private equity firms in many cases, whereas, their Indian counterparts distillery have a large proportion sour by family run businesses and institutional investors controlled by the government.Many of the PSUs in India which have survived the put liberalisation opening up of the economy are monopolies in their respective(prenominal) markets and today are quite competitive on the world-wide stage. The family run businesses compete fiercely with each other and look for opportunities in newer areas, including global markets. In the western world, there is a growing trend of integration with oligopolies emerging in almost all industries, which are being controlled by PE firms. Overall, Indias form of ownership has barely changed over the past decade. The grade of profits made by family firms between those in their first, second and troika or older generations has stayed pretty constant.2. Why has Indian business developed in this way?Indian businesses have developed this way principally because of two reasons 1. India followed the socialist policy post independence, which converted the British legacy to public run institutions, and followed a policy of nationalization whereby control of industrial output was controlled by the government. The license quota permit raj severely restricted the Indian entrepreneurs from developing new businesses. The family run businesses with deep pockets and good political connections grow their sphere of influence from their core businesses into unrelated areas where they saw an opportunity to grow. With reforms taking place post 1991 in a gradual manner, many new and existing businesses managed very well to adapt to the changing environment, taking return of the technology advances which had already taken place in the western world.2. With a largely agricultural based economy, the Indian government had focussed on related pedestal, leading to a weak over all infrastructure for industry. This has led to difficulties in head start new businesses. Similarly, regulations involved in starting new businesses are severely restrictive and cumbersome which is discouraging to entrepreneurs3. give it continue to?Major reforms in several areas are sorely take if Indian businesses and the Indian economy are to maintain the growth trajectory. If these happen, Indian businesses leave alone transform into real global players in a few years. If reforms are soft-pedalled there is a very good chance the Indian business growth story willing come to an early end.4. domiciliate the aspirations it has raised be met?Yes, the aspirations it has raised can be met. There is every reason to believe that the decision makers in Indian governance describe what needs to be done and will act accordingly, although not at the pace required. The overall momentum generated by India Inc. should carry it through the conte mporary set of problems it is facing. The pool of skilled professionals combined with a large state with a growing purchasing power will project India to the large league. The relatively slower growth range in the developed economies will give Indian firms the opportunity to scale up to global take aim at a fairly rapid pace.5. And is this new form of capitalism good for Indiaand the world?The new form of capitalism called capindialism is good for India, at least for the coming generation. As India transforms into one of the largest economies of the world, the moderate growth rates as compared with China, and somewhat controlled, India will be able to protect itself and hence the world from un pass judgment shocks. If the country maintains its current rate of growth it is expected to become the worlds third-largest economy sometime after 2030, and hundreds of millions of wad will lift them out of poverty. The Indian businesses which survive the growth will be transformed into world class and be controlled indirectly by the Indian public.

Middle Class Women in 19th Century American Society Essay

Wo custody were al charges faced specifically in biography by hands until they became equal to them. In the story The discolor paper the author Charlotte Perkins Gilman consecrates some liaisons about the way women were treated by men back then in the nineteenth ascorbic acid. Womens roles and place in the 19th century American society are very humiliating, demythologized for this society and weird. Women back then were treated as something not as someone that is to say useless beings, that do not stand brains.The yellow wallpaper symbolizes something that impacts her instantly. Through the yellow wallpaper we can see that the woman is soiled and ripped just like the dirty yellow wallpaper It is the strangest yellow, that wall-paper It makes me think of of all the yellow things I ever saw not elegant ones like buttercups, but old foul, bad yellow things (Charlotte Perkins Gilman, grapheme 6, rapscallion 11). only Gilman uses the woman who is affected by the yellow wall paper to fork out that women in that time were trapped an inner world, which was the main reason for their madness I didnt realize for a long time what the thing was that showed behind, that dim sub-pattern, but I now I am kinda sure it is a woman. (Charlotte Perkins Gilman, incision 6, foliate 10). The yellow wallpaper withal shows that were oppressed by their husband so frequently that in browse to escape from this reality, they devised situations and things that later would make them worse At night in whatsoever kind of light, in twilight, candle light, lamplight, and worst of all by moonlight, it becomes bars The outside pattern I mean, and the woman behind it is as plain as can be (ibid).There are trio themes in the story The yellow wallpaper. The first theme is the subordination of women in marriage. From this theme the author is trying to show to the reader the way women were treated back then. Women were treated and seen from men as brainless children that requir ed charge and special care He is very studious and loving, and merely lets me stir without special direction. I hit a schedule prescription drug for each hour in the twenty-four hours (Charlotte Perkins Gilman, subprogram 1, page 2). Moreover Gilman uses the conventional marriage in the 19th century to ensure that women last outed moment conformation citizens. John laughs at me, of course, but one expects that in marriage (Charlotte Perkins Gilman, part 1, page 1).Furthermore men unplowed women in a young state of ignorance and didnt let them fully develop I behave a schedule prescription for each hour in the day(Charlotte Perkins Gilman, part 1, page 2) and There comes John, and I must put this away, he hates to have me write a word (Charlotte Perkins Gilman, part 1, page 3). eventually men assumed that because of their superior wisdom and maturity, which led to misjudgment, patronization and supremacy of their women, they were the office people that could help the ir sick wives John does not know how much I really suffer. He knows there is no reason to suffer, and that satisfies him (Charlotte Perkins Gilman, part 2, page 3) and But John says if I discover so, I shall lose proper self- reassure so I take pains to promise myself before him, at least, and that makes me very tired (Charlotte Perkins Gilman, part 1, page 2).The second theme that the author Charlotte Perkins Gilman uses to show the position of women in 19th century American society is the importance of self-expression. The mental restrictions upon the women are the reason for whimsical them insane There comes John, and I must put this away, he hates to have me write a word (Charlotte Perkins Gilman, part 1, page 3) and So I take phosphates or phospites whichever it is, and tonics, and journeys, and air, and exercise, and am abruptly forbidden to work until I am well again (Charlotte Perkins Gilman, part 1, page 1). Middle class women most of the times are forced to hide their fears and anxieties and try to produce the faade of a successful marriage in order to feel that they are winning the fight against depression He is very careful and loving, and hardly lets me stir without special direction (Charlotte Perkins Gilman, part 1, page 2) and No wonder the children hated it I should hate it myself if I had to live in this room long.There comes John, and I must put this away, he hates to have me write a word (Charlotte Perkins Gilman, part 1, page 3). What is more is that men are forcing women to become totally passive by forbidding them to exercise their mind So I take phosphates or phospites whichever it is, and tonics, and journeys, and air, and exercise, and am absolutely forbidden to work until I am well again (Charlotte Perkins Gilman, part 1, page 1). As a Gilman says a mind that is kept in a state of forced inactivity is doomed to self-destruction.The tertiary theme that the author Charlotte Perkins Gilman uses in order to show the role o f women in the 19th century American society is the evils of the resting cure. Gilman wanted to flesh out through the story The Yellow Wallpaper the way a mind, which is already poisoned with anxiety and fear can deteriorate when it is forced into inactivity and it is kept from healthy work. Mitchell took seriously Gilmans criticism and stopped the resting cure. Gilman criticizes any form of medical treatment that is jadee to the patient by ignoring his concerns, considering to a fault herself as a passive object of treatment So I take phosphates or phospites whichever it is, and tonics, and journeys, and air, and exercise, and am absolutely forbidden to work until I am well again (Charlotte Perkins Gilman, part 1, page 1) and John says I mustnt lose my strength, and has me take cod liver oil and hemorrhoid of tonics and things, to say nothing of ale and wine and rare meat (Charlotte Perkins Gilman, part 3, page 7).Women in the 19th century American society often remain silent wh en the man talks Better in body possibly I began, and stopped short, for he sat up straight and looked at me with such a stern, reproachful look that I could not say another word (Charlotte Perkins Gilman, part 3, page 9). Finally men mostly infantilize women, because they think women are children and brainless Then he took me in his fortify and called me a blessed little goose (Charlotte Perkins Gilman, part 2, page 3). all in all women are seen by men as children that dont have a brain and need help and supervision from a smart person (man). Womens role in 19th century American society is not the same with men, who are the ones that control and hear to whatever men say. Men used their smartness in order to help sick women overcome their sickness, but this led to the misjudgment, patronization and domination of women. Finally women werent let to write nor read anything that looked like a book, in order to not smart and educated and get away from the control of men.

12 Step Meeting. Summary

Meeting How did the conflict start? It each(prenominal) started with an opening speech from the guest speaker who was formerly an wet drinkic and has been sober for over rays. Was one of the 12 Steps discussed, or many? Yes, all 12 notes were discussed In brief during the see since It was the first 12 steps clashing for this new group. Was there a personal protection? Yes, the floor was opened to all pieces who are instinctive to share their personal testimonies. Eleven people shared their personal testimonies during the meeting.What did you interchangecapable about the meeting? The sense of belonging that was given to each member without condemnation was very inspiring to me. Members were able to share their personal alcohol issues without been ashamed or laughed at by other(a) members. What did you dislike? It requires certain honesty for success. For which individuals does a 12 step approach work better? This works best for individuals who are ready to be committed to the architectural plan and also ready to welcome the support group into his life by been open minded.Which individuals does a 12 step not work wellspring? Anyone who doesnt open up to members for support. Please include a one to both page typed summary of the meeting which incorporates an overview of the meeting along with your thoughts, feelings, and overall experience. The meeting started with an opening speech by the guest speaker who also was an alcoholic and has been sober for arrears. The guest speaker started by sharing his personal issues with alcohol, how he overcame it and the consequences he suffered while he was an alcoholic.The guest speaker was able to mend with each member based on the common ground they all share that is, alcoholic. He then opens the floor to members to share their personal testimonial with the group. Eleven members stood up to share, and they all began their statement the same way My propose is And Im and alcoholic. The 12 steps were introdu ced to the new members and how to use each step was discussed. The speaker spoke about the challenges and temptations he faced in other to remain sober and how he overcame each imitation each twenty-four hours till date.Also, also reinforced on the importance for staying focus and guileless to the program. Each member took the pledge to remain truthful to the program and to remain to its requirements. The meeting was an eye opening experience for me because each member was able to relate with one another regardless of their race, culture or socioeconomic class. They all developed an open relationship with one another. I came to polish that, having a sense of belonging is the best support group

Strategies to Discourage Social Loafing

Strategies to discourage favorable faineance Social loafing after part be described as a tendency of mortals to exert little effort when they are part of a group. Since, all psyches are sacramental manduction their efforts to accomplish set goals individually member of the group contributes less than he/she would if he/she was individually accountable. One of the major reasons behind this behavior is that individuals regain that they are not being acknowledged for their efforts.Such believing brings their lesson down and therefore team up members see no reason to eliminate high-level performance while working within the team. This behavior also develops when individual responsibilities within a team are not well-defined, or when management cannot track performance with precision. To correct and eliminate social loafing within the team players and to provide positive advantage to organization, the following steps can be taken. By defining clear roles and responsibilitie s to each(prenominal) team member in the beginning of the project will help each individual to achieve set goals and objectives. By observing each individuals contribution closely. -Set up individual assignments that reflect results toward the end project. -Assign individual tasks according to his/her skill set and strengths. This approach will promote the individual to accomplish assigned tasks in an effective manner. -Employ team reviews and member evaluations on regular basis. Simplify the roles and responsibilities for the team to follow. -Support and persuade team members with loyalty. -Provide timely feedback to each team member on assigned tasks. -Using the management by manner of walking around method can also reduce the social loafing within the team individuals. This practice will help management obtaining a better understanding of the work being done outside as well as building relationship with employees. Similarly, team members will lift up that management is coming around anytime that will reduce the possible chances of social loafing.

Enron Bcci Case

IBCCIs Misgivings Four study frauds explained in the Price Waterho drop report. 1. According to the Sandstorm Report, some $633 jillion of losings re modernd to treasury commerce. 2. Price Waterhouse had been doing its job, theres no way that this $1 cardinal exposure in BCCIs aboriginal Treasury which was taken to $11 billion exposure in the course of 3 or 4 months in 1985 could possess happened. 3. All of BCCIs undecomposed treasury problems were related to the goivities at Grand Cayman, which had taken place in a blatant and repetitive form over many an(prenominal) old age.BCCI was stipendiary its auditors $5 million per year to conduct audits which each(prenominal) year took closely five months. if prissyly d nonpareil, these audits should turn in uncove bolshy the problems and forced action vast before April, 1990 4. In the case of BCCI, there can be no gesture that the auditing process failed to charm. As the lingo of England stated in determine that BCCI be closed 5. Given the demonstrable failure of the auditing process, serious questions denudation been raised about how and why BCCIs outside auditors permitted BCCI to flourish as tenacious as it did, despite fraud and early(a) bad practices which went back many years. 6.The record finish upers both body forth for assessing blame on BCCIs auditors, and the suggestion that their work in the spring of 1991 was an essential comp wiznt of the investigative process that finally forced BCCIs closure. 7. One view of the culpability of BCCIs accountants was explicit by BCCIs proclaim chief pecuniary ships officer, Masihur Rahman. Rahman testified that as BCCIs top financial official, he did non know of BCCIs frauds prior to the spring of 1990. He testified that has the banks chief financial officer in London, he did non have access to any of the underlying loan cultivation and related files at BCCIs various field offices.Rahman testified that he therefore relied on the work of the outside auditors, operating around the realness at the local level, to review BCCIs records at its various offices and branches, and thereby tell their truth and accuracy. 8. At the some other extreme was the position taken by BCCIs principal auditor, Price Waterhouse (UK), that it was completely deceived by BCCI until the spring of 1990, and handled its responsibilities concerning BCCI without any shifting whatever. 9.If Price Waterhouse had been doing its job, theres no way that this $1 billion exposure in BCCIs Central Treasury which was taken to $11 billion exposure in the course of 3 or 4 months in 1985 could have happened, says CFO. 10. According to Rahman, Price Waterhouse (UK) had signed off on BCCI practices year after year without issuing any red flags, until suddenly, in April, 1990, it found massive deficiencies at the bank, in which, as Senator Kerry mold it, every red flag in the world was flying, raising the question of how Price Waterhouse could have mis sed all of BCCIs bad practices previously. 1. Price Waterhouse should have kn own from their audit of Grand Cayman over many years that deposits of BCCI were being misused. The fake loan accounts were in most cases so obviously fictitious that the year after year audit of PW should have detected most, if not all. PW not only knew about accounts where some $600 million of the fraud had at BCCI had taken place. 12. BCCI was salaried its auditors $5 million per year to conduct audits which each year took nearly five months.According to Rahman, if properly done, these audits should have un spaned the problems and forced action long before April, 1990. 13. In contrast, as Price Waterhouse expressed their position, BCCI had deceived them by dint of with(predicate) colluding with takeholders and borrowers to cook false documentation that mislead them. 14. The auditors responsibility is to formula and execute an audit so as to have reasonable endueiment of detecting material missta tement in the financial statements whether due to fraud, irregularity, or error.However, vulgar sense dictates, and it is accepted internationally, that point the best planned and executed audit will not necessarily discover a sophisticated fraud, curiously one where there is collusion at the upliftedest level of worry and with tierce elementies. Under such circumstances, it is reasonable to expect that it whitethorn take a number of annual audits before accumulating concerns change to suspicions and ultimately lead to the appellative of fraud in fact, this is what happened in audit of BCCI. 15.Price Waterhouse found that BCCI Treasury losings had been concealed and its profits manufactured through BCCIs failure to record deposits and other liabilities the creation of fictitious loan accounts the purchase and repurchase of BCCIs own shares through nominees with buy-back arrangements and the collusion between BCCI and major customers in supplying false confirmations to the international auditors, among other techniques. 16. $346 million related to the illegal acquisition through nominees of some(prenominal) US banks were identified. 17.BCCIs initial strategy for the United demesnes was to infiltrate the U. S. banking system through purchasing footing banks in major banking centers, and then to expand the beachhead operations until BCCI had U. S. banking operations of sufficient size that they could ultimately merge with BCCI itself. 18. State regulators in New York had proven resistant to BCCI, and BCCI had masteryfully acquired National Bank of Georgia and FGB/First American 19. BCCI expanded in the United States by opening BCCI branch offices in regions with significant populations from the Third World move in rans-national commercial activity, such as Miami, Houston, Los Angeles, San Francisco, New York, and Chicago. 20. BCCIs intention was to use these branch offices to feed depositors and banking activity to NBG and First American, expandin g BCCIs activities through pushing deposits into the federal official deposit insurance system. Abedi had decided that he would work systematically to conflate the various U. S. banks BCCI now secretly owned, until the survivor was strong enough and handsome enough to in turn purchase BCCI 21.BCCIs accounts and balance sheets had been manipulated to enshroud a loan of $725 million to a Pakistan based shipping company. 22. The kin with the Gulf Group began in 1972 when it placed very large deposits with BCCI in Luxembourg and London. There was little tangible evidence of other origines until 1976 at which time the trade finance lines and shipping loans were opened by the Group. An make sense of $1. 2bn was financed to the Abu Dhabi social club (Gulf Groups) owned by Abbas Gokal . Abbas along with his other brothers used get of property as a lever obtain short-term reinforcement and repayment of non-BCCI bank debt. 3. This exposure of huge sums gained the attentions of Bank of England in 1977 resulting in BCCI transferring accounts to Grand Cayman in 1978 when it became apparent that the Gulf Group go about financial difficulties. This was the time when account manipulation started which is why a spare duties was assigned the duties to oversee these accounts. This special duties department was involved in fabricating information in respect of the offshore accounts. This included the creation of profiles of the beneficial owners, financial information, false instruction letters etc. 4. Management in collusion with Gulf used sophisticated rules of deception to conceal parentages flows including * delectation of gulf bank account which received funds and then redistribute them around a number of accounts * Transfer between Gulf locations in different parts of the world to create turnover and imply debt servicing, peculiarly just before year ends. * Conduit accounts at external banks, under the hold of BCCI officers. * Funds transfer through BCP and nostro accounts at various BCCI branches. * Use of ebullient interest and charges to provide profits 5. BCCI had used $500 million of its own resource to acquire 56% of its own shares through a series of complex transactions. The final losses may well be in excess of $4 billion and Abu Dhabis exposure to BCCI and related activities is estimated to be some $9. 4 billion A few other misdeeds have surfaced regarding 26. Money Laundering From the time of BCCIs indictment on drug money laundering charges in Tampa, Florida in October, 1988, there was little doubt to anyone flavor at the facts that BCCI had been used to launder drug money 27.Bribery The recipients of funding from BCCI may not have considered the payments to be bribes, but simply a appliance by which BCCI obtained what it wanted from an official, and in return the official helped BCCI, such as BCCIs payments to two of the Gulf emirs in return for the use of their names as nominees for the purchase of First American 28. Support of Terrorism and Arms Trafficking BCCIs support of terrorism and arms trafficking developed out of several factors.First, as a principal financial institution for a number of Gulf sheikhdoms, with branches allover the world, it was a logical choice for terrorist organizations, who received payment at BCCI-London and other branches directly from Gulf-state patrons, and then transferred those funds wherever they wished without apparent scrutiny. Secondly, BCCIs flexibility regarding the falsity of documentation was helpful for such activities ENRON 29. Houston Natural Gas Corporation and Internorth Inc. integrate in 1985 to form Enron Corporation.Since its conception, Enron has distinguished itself as an innovative, prominent leader in the inwrought gas market. Enron, headquartered in Houston, was the largest trader of natural gas and electrical expertness in North America. Enron similarly market and traded other commodities, including water, paper, coal, chemicals, and fiber-optic bandwidth. The success of Enrons aggressive strategies is demonstrated by the rise in its expect price from a split-adjusted $3. 20 per share in 1985 to $80. 63 per share on November 20, 2000. In this same period, revenues increased from $10. 3 billion to $40. 1 billion and net income improved from a loss of $54. million to $919. 0 million. 30. As a result of its ability to discover new business opportunities, transform traditional industries, and enter new ones, Fortune magazine named Enron or so Innovative Company for an unprecedented sixth consecutive year in 2001. 31. Enrons focus on innovation has been demonstrated throughout its history. As a newly formed company in the mid-1980s, Enron pioneered the trading of natural gas when natural gas markets were deregulated. When Enron entered the electricity market in 1993, it revolutionized the industry by facilitating a market to trade electricity.Enron was also among the first energy companies to expand beyond traditi onal energy markets by entering the telecommunications industry. Enron even entered the e-commerce sector by partnering with leading high-tech companies to form Enron Online, a business-to-business website that facilitates the trading of commodities. 32. Enrons events timeline * 1985 Houston Natural Gas merges with InterNorth to form Enron, HNG chief executive officerKenneth profanebecomes CEO of have company the following year * 1989 Enron begins trading natural gas commodities 1990 set up hiresJeffrey Skillingto lead the companys effort to focus on commodities trading in the deregulated markets. Andrew Fastowis one of Skillings first hires later that year. * June 1990 Jeff Skilling, who has been a consultant for McKinsey &038 Co. , joins Enron * June 11, 1991 Enron asks the Security Exchange guardianship (SEC) to approve mark-to-market accounting. * Jan. 30, 1992 SEC approves mark-to-market accounting for Enron * November 1996 Richard Kinder, COO of Enron, doesnt get CEO j ob, so he leaves. * December 10, 1996 Enron announces that Jeff Skilling is taking over as COO. June 28, 1999 Enrons instrument panel of Directors exempts CFO Andy Fastow from the companys code of ethics so that he can run a private equity fundLJM1that will raise money for and do deals with Enron. The LJM Funds become one of the key tools for Enron to manage its balance sheet and make investors think that it is acting better than it is. * October 12, 1999 Enron board exempts Fastow from Enrons code of ethics so that he can raise money for LJM2 * August 23, 2000 Stock hits all-time high of 90 dollars. Market valuation of 70 billion dollars.FERC (the Federal animation Regulatory Commission) orders an investigation into strategies designed to drive electricity prices up in California * December 13, 2000 Enron announces that President and COO Jeffrey Skilling will take over as chief executive in February. Kenneth Lay will bide as chairman. * Late 2000 Enron uses aggressive accountin g to declare 53 million dollars in earnings for broadband on a collapsing deal that hadnt earned a penny in profit. * August 14, 2001 Skillings leniency announcement. In evening, analyst and investor conference call.Skilling The company is in great set Lay Company is in the strongest shape that its ever been in. Lay is named CEO 33. What went wrong- Corporate governance The purpose of Corporate governance is to act as a gatekeeper. ENRON lacked proper surveillance on the part of its menu of Directors, Auditors and Investors. 34. Inappropriate Tools * Mark to market As a usual company, Enron was subject to external sources of governance including market pressures, care by political sympathies regulators, and oversight by private entities including auditors, equity analysts, and credit rating agencies.This method requires that once a long-term need was signed, the amount of which the asset theoretically will sell on the proximo market is reported on the current financial sta tement. In order to keep appeasing the investors to create a consistent profiting situation in the company, Enron traders were pressured to forecast high forthcoming cash flows and low discount rate on the long-term contract with Enron. The difference between the calculated net present value and the primarily paid value was regarded as the profit of Enron. In fact, the net present value reported by Enron might not happen during the future years of the long-term contract.An overly optimistic projection was set forth. * SPE additional Purpose Entity Accounting rule allow a company to cast away a SPE from its own financial statements if an nonparasitic party has control of the SPE, and if this independent party owns at least 3 percent of the SPE. Enron needed to find a way to hide the debt since high debt levels would lower the investment lay out and trigger banks to recall money. Using the Enrons received as collateral, the SPE, which was headed by the CFO, Fastow, borrowed larg e sums of money. And this money was used to balance Enrons overvalued contracts.Thus, the SPE enabled Enron to convert loans and assets care-laden with debt obligations into income. In addition, the taking over by the SPE made Enron transfer more stock to SPE. However, the debt and assets purchased by the SPE, which was actually burdened with large amount of debts, were not reported on Enrons financial report. The shareholders were then misled that debt was not increase and the revenue was even increasing. 35. Fiduciary failure The BOD was unable to pull through up to their fiduciary responsibilities. By having no proper check on the conflict of interest. 36. Conflict of Interest Enron hired and paid its own auditors.That was a conflict of interest built into the legal system because the auditor had an incentive not to issue an unfavorable report on the company that is paying him or her. The Board allowed conflicts of interests with the partnerships it held, and did not keep a p roper oversight of the partnerships. There was also a basic lack of communication on the part of the Board to review the related party transactions. SPEs served as a major conflict of interest. E. g. the committee failed to recognize clear elements that indicated the downfall, such as Anderson communicating that Enron was pushing the limits since 1999.Also, 3000 Special entities, out of which 800 were organized in tax havens. 37. High Risk Accounting Enrons Audits committee failed not only to guarantee the independence of the External Auditorsbut also to maintain proper accounting practices in accordance with the interest of the shareholders. It furthermore, approved transactions that were solo designed to cover up the debts and over-stated revenues, instead of focusing on the stinting outputs. Corporate Culture Utter lack of Interest, specifically by the Board of Directors, on off-the-book financials. They had a superior general culture of being defensive.They would rather cover up their own failures, than acknowledge it. Jeffery Skilling is reported to have said, Ive never not been successful at business or work ever Furthermore, the corporate culture did not allow open dissent. The Board was also inadequately informed hence their decision making was clouded, and obsolete. 38. Extensive Compensation to the Executives The Company paid millions of dollars in deferred salaries and bonuses to midlevel and high-level executives still working in late November, just before the Dec. 2 bankruptcy filing, which forced the company to reserve all such payments.But a number of employees who had retired or recently left the company were denied similar payments. 39. Lack of Independence Financial ties between the Board of Director and Enron and also financial ties between the external auditors and Enron. The Board was also relying too much on their auditors. They were not entirely independent, which led to transition in their process of information disclosure. They c learly shred information. 40. Transparency The management was not transparent and truthful about the position of the company. They had a general culture of being the best at everything, hence, they denied exposing their failures.Enron did not live up to their duty of full disclosure and good faith. The Board did not notify effectively with its auditors from Arthur Andersen. The idea that Enrons employed accounting techniques were aggressive, wasnt conversed clearly enough. E. g. When the CEO disclosed to the employees that the stock price was to rise, there is whatsoever no evidence of him disclosing that he was selling stock as well. single the investigation surrounding Enrons bankruptcy enabled shareholders to learn of the CEO stock sell-off before February 14, 2002 which is when the sell-off would otherwise have been disclosed.